Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Esterification of sludge palm oil using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid for preparation of biodiesel fuel

  • Energy
  • Published:
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) was used to reduce the high free fatty acids (FFA) content in sludge palm oil (SPO). The FFA content of SPO was converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) via esterification reaction. The treated sludge palm oil was used as a raw material for biodiesel production by transesterification process. Several working parameters were optimized, such as dosage of catalyst, molar ratio, reaction temperature and time. Less than 2% of the FFA content was the targeted value. The results showed that the FFA content of SPO was reduced from 16% to less than 2% using the optimum conditions. The yield of the final product after the alkaline transesterification was 84% with 0.07% FFA and the ester content was 96.7%. All other properties met the international standard specifications for biodiesel quality such as EN 14214 and ASTM D6751.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. A. Nelson, T. A. Foglia and W.N. Marner, JAOCS, 73, 1191 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Demirbas, Biodiesel a realistic fuel alternative for diesel engines, Springer, London (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  3. M. Canakci and V. J. Gerpen, Trans. ASAE, 44, 1429 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Mori, Environ. Eng. Manage. J., 19, 67 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Canakci, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 183 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Hayyan, Md. Z. Alam, M. E. S. Mirghani, N. A. Kabbashi, N. I.N. M. Hakimi, Y.M. Siran and S. Tahiruddin, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 7804 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj and C. Muraleedharan, Fuel, 84, 335 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. C. Sharma, B. Singh and S. N. Upadhyay, Fuel, 87, 2355 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. X. Hou, Y. Qi, X. Qiao, G. Wang, Z. Qin and J. Wang, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24, 311 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. F. Ma and M. A. Hanna, Bioresour. Technol., 70, 1 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J.-Y. Park, J.-S. Lee, Z.-M. Wang and D.-K. Kim, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 27, 1791 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Z.-M. Wang, J.-S. Lee, J.-Y. Park, C.-Z. Wu and Z.-H. Yuan, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24, 1027 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Buasri, B. Ksapabutr, M. Panapoy and N. Chaiyut, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29, 1708 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Hayyan, M. A. Hashim, F. S. Mjalli, M. Hayyan and I.M. AlNashef, Chem. Eng. Sci., 92, 81 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Hayyan, F. S. Mjalli, M. A. Hashim, M. Hayyan, I. M. AlNashef, S. M. Al-Zahrani and M. A. Al-Saadi, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 9564 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Hong, H. Cho, S. Kim and Y. Yeo, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29, 18 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Hayyan, Md. Z. Alam, M. E. S. Mirghani, N. A. Kabbashi, N. I. N. M. Hakimi, Y. M. Siran and S. Tahiruddin, Fuel Process. Technol., 92, 920 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Hayyan, F. S. Mjalli, M. A. Hashim, M. Hayyan, I. M. AlNashef and S.M. Al-Zahrani, Chem. Pap., 66, 39 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. G. Guan, K. Kusakabe and S. Yamasaki, Fuel Process. Technol., 90, 520 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Gan, H. K. Ng, C.W. Ooi, N. O. Motala and M. A. F. Ismail, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 7338 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. G. K. Khor, J. H. Sim, A. H. Kamaruddin and M. H. Uzir, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 6558 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Y. A. Elsheikh, Z. Man, M.A. Bustam, S. Yusup and C.D. Wilfred, Energy Convers. Manage., 52, 804 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. A. Hashim, A. Hayyan, F. S. Mjalli, M. Hayyan and I.M. AlNashef, Int. J. Sus. Water Env. Syst., 3, 19 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  24. R. D. Howells and J. D. McCown, Chem. Rev., 77, 69 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS), Ca 5a-40: free fatty acids, Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS, 5th Ed. American Oil Chemists’ Society Press, Champaign, IL (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  26. A. Kuntom, S.W. Lin, T.Y. Ai, N.A. Idris, M. Yusof, T. T. Sue and N. A. Ibrahim, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Test Methods, MPOB, Bangi-Malaysia (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  27. X. Deng, Z. Fang and Y. H. Liu, Energy Convers. Manage., 51, 2802 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. F. F. P. Santos, J. Q. Malveira, M.G. A. Cruz and F.A.N. Fernandes, Fuel, 89, 275 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. M. Hayyan, F. S. Mjalli, M. A. Hashim and I.M. AlNashef, Fuel Process. Technol., 91, 116 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. P. Nakpong and S. Wootthikanokkhan, Renew. Energy, 35, 1682 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Y. Wang, S. Ou, P. Liu and Z. Zhang, Energy Convers. Manage., 48, 184 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. S. Chongkhong, C. Tongurai, P. Chetpattananondh and C. Bunyakan, Biomass Bioenerg., 31, 563 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Y. Lin, L. Wang and Y. Yan, Fuel Process. Technol., 90, 857 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. A. Hayyan, M. A. Hashim, M. Hayyan, F. S. Mjalli and I. M. AlNashef, Ind. Crops Products, 46, 392 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia

    Adeeb Hayyan, Mohd Ali Hashim & Maan Hayyan

  2. Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50728, Malaysia

    Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani

  3. Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia

    Inas Muen AlNashef

Authors
  1. Adeeb Hayyan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohd Ali Hashim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maan Hayyan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Inas Muen AlNashef
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adeeb Hayyan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hayyan, A., Hashim, M.A., Mirghani, M.E.S. et al. Esterification of sludge palm oil using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid for preparation of biodiesel fuel. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 30, 1229–1234 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0045-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0045-4

Key words

Search

Navigation