Abstract
Background
Cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients has been common clinical practice due to evidence that resection of the primary tumor results in a survival benefit regardless of systemic treatment. Recently, the first large phase III randomized, non-inferiority prospective clinical trial evaluating this surgical approach demonstrated that systemic treatment alone was not inferior to primary surgery plus systemic treatment.
Objective
Our aim was to evaluate if cytoreductive nephrectomy results in a survival benefit over systemic treatment alone in patients with mRCC and in specific subgroups, including patients with brain metastases, poor performance status, poor prognosis according to IMDC or MSKCC criteria, and clear cell and non-clear cell histologies.
Patients and Methods
We identified 16 published studies providing complete data for the comparison between cytoreductive nephrectomy + systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone, and selected 9 for subgroup analysis. The inverse variance technique was applied for the meta-analysis of hazard ratios (HR), and, due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the data, we adopted a random effects model. Risk of bias among the studies was estimated by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).
Results
Our analysis suggested a survival benefit for patients receiving cytoreductive nephrectomy (pooled HR of 0.48, 95% confidence interval of 0.42–0.56) in the overall population. Survival advantages were also observed in patients with clear cell and non-clear renal cell carcinoma, while no benefit was evident in patients with brain metastasis, poor performance status, and poor risk.
Conclusion
Cytoreductive nephrectomy seems to result in a survival benefit in both clear cell and non-clear cell histology, while no survival advantage was found in patients with specific clinical features. Despite a high level of heterogeneity, our results highlight the importance of a good selection of patients to whom a primary surgical approach could be proposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(1):7–30.
Flanigan RC, Salmon SE, Blumenstein BA, et al. Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1655–9.
Mickisch GH, Garin A, Van PH, et al. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;358:966–70.
Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol. 2004;171:1071–6.
Choueiri TK, Xie W, Kollmannsberger C, et al. The impact of cytoreductive nephrectomy on survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy. J Urol. 2011;185(1):60–6.
Heng DY, Wells JC, Rini BI, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with synchronous metastases from renal cell carcinoma: results from the international metastatic renal cell carcinoma database consortium. Eur Urol. 2014;66(4):704–10.
Mathieu R, Pignot G, Ingles A, et al. Nephrectomy improves overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in cases of favorable MSKCC or ECOG prognostic features. Urol Oncol. 2015;33(8):339.e9–15.
Bamias A, Tzannis K, Papatsoris A, et al. Prognostic significance of cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with synchronous metastases from renal cell carcinoma treated with first-line sunitinib: a European multiinstitutional study. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12(5):373–83.
Xiao WJ, Zhu Y, Dai B, Zhang HL, Ye DW. Assessment of survival of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma after radical cytoreductive nephrectomy versus no surgery: a seer analysis. Int Braz J Urol. 2015;41(2):288–95.
Abern MR, Scosyrev E. Tsivian M et al.Survival of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the targeted-therapy era. Anticancer Res. 2014;34(5):2405–11.
Warren M, Venner PM, North S, et al. A population-based study examining the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma in Alberta and the role of nephrectomy prior to treatment. Can Urol Assoc J. 2009;3(4):281–9.
Day D, Kanjanapan Y, Kwan E, et al. Benefit from cytoreductive nephrectomy and the prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Intern Med J. 2016;46(11):1291–7.
Vaishampayan U, Vankayala H, Vigneau FD, et al. The impact of targeted therapy on overall survival in advanced renal cancer: a study of the National Surveillance Epidemiology and end results registry database. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12(2):124–9.
Aizer AA, Urun Y, McKay RR, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). BJU Int. 2014;113(5b):E67–74.
You D, Jeong IG, Song C, et al. Analysis of pre-operative variables for identifying patients who might benefit from upfront cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the targeted therapy era. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2015;45(1):96–102.
Conti SL, Thomas IC, Hagedorn JC, et al. Utilization of cytoreductive nephrectomy and patient survival in the targeted therapy era. Int J Cancer. 2014;134(9):2245–52.
Tatsugami K, Shinohara N, Kondo T, et al. Role of cytoreductive nephrectomy for Japanese patients with primary renal cell carcinoma in the cytokine and targeted therapy era. Int J Urol. 2015;22(8):736–40.
Marchioni M, Bandini M, Preisser F, et al. Survival after Cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients: a population-based study. Eur Urol Focus. 2017;S2405-4569(7):30268-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2017.11.012.
Graham J, Wells C, Donskov F, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma: results from the international metastatic renal cell carcinoma database consortium (IMDC). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(suppl_6):581.
Méjean A, Ravaud A, Thezenas S, et al. Sunitinib alone or after nephrectomy in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:417–27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1803675.
GA Wells, B Shea, D O'Connell et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available at: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
Petrelli F, Coinu A, Vavassori I, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with targeted therapies: a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016;14(6):465–72.
García-Perdomo HA, Zapata-Copete JA, Castillo-Cobaleda DF. Role of cytoreductive nephrectomy in the targeted therapy era: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Investig Clin Urol. 2018;59(1):2–9.
Motzer RJ, Russo P. Cytoreductive nephrectomy - patient selection is key. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(5):481–2.
Massari F, Di Nunno V, Santoni M. CARMENA trial: is this the end of Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma? Eur Urol Oncology 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2018.08.002.
Staehler M, Haseke N, Khoder W, Stief CG. Profile of temsirolimus in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2010;3:191–6.
Iacovelli R, De Giorgi U, Galli L, Zucali P, Nolè F, et al. Is it possible to improve prognostic classification in patients affected by metastatic renal cell carcinoma with an intermediate or poor prognosis? Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018.
Bex A, Mulders P, Jewett MAS, Wagstaff J, van Velthoven R, et al. Immediate versus deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in patients with synchronous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) receiving sunitinib (EORTC 30073 SURTIME). Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl_5):v605–49.
Durinck S, Stawiski EW, Pavía-Jiménez A, et al. Spectrum of diverse genomic alterations define non-clear cell renal carcinoma subtypes. Nat Genet. 2015;47(1):13–21.
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of papillary renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2):135–45.
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nature. 2013;499(7456):43–9.
Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, et al. Nivolumab versus Everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1803–13.
Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, et al. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(14):1277–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
No external funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
Francesco Massari, Vincenzo Di Nunno, Lidia Gatto, Matteo Santoni, Riccardo Schiavina, Laura Cosmai, Eugenio Brunocilla, Andrea Ardizzoni and Camillo Porta declare that have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Massari, F., Di Nunno, V., Gatto, L. et al. Should CARMENA Really Change our Attitude Towards Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in the Era of Targeted Therapy. Targ Oncol 13, 705–714 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0601-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0601-2