Abstract
Solar eruptions and the related processes involve magnetic fields and plasma flows of various scales in both time and space. These processes include the convective motions of the mass and magnetic field in the photosphere, evolutions of magnetic fields in both the chromosphere and the corona prior to and during the disruption of magnetic fields in response to the photospheric motions. These evolutions constitute a whole process of transporting the magnetic energy and the helicity from the photosphere to the corona, and then to interplanetary space. The present work, on the basis of a solar eruption model, discusses these processes, and the related questions, unanswerable at present, but could be the scientific objectives of the space solar missions in the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Forbes T G, Linker J A, Chen J, et al. CME theory and models. Space Sci Rev, 2006, 123: 251–302
Zhang M, Low B -C. The hydromagnetic nature of solar coronal mass ejections. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys, 2005, 43: 103–137
Chen P. Initiation and propagation of coronal mass ejections. J Astrophys Astron, 2008, 29: 179–186
Lin J, Soon W, Baliunas S L. Theories of solar eruptions: A review. New Astron Rev, 2003, 47: 53–84
Webb D F, Burkepile J, Forbes T G, et al. Observational evidence of new current sheets trailing coronal mass ejections. J Geophys Res, 2003, 108(A12): 1400
Berger M A. Rigorous new limits on magnetic helicity dissipation in the solar corona. Geophys Astrophys Fluid Dyn, 1984, 30: 79–104
Zhang M, Flyer N. The dependence of the helicity bound of force-free magnetic fields on boundary conditions. Astrophys J, 2008, 683: 1160–1167
Zhang Y, Tan B, Yan Y. Correlation between the sharp variation of the transport rate of magnetic helicity and solar eruptive events. Astrophys J, 2008, 682: L133–L136
Forbes T G. A review on the genesis of coronal mass ejections. J Geophys Res, 2000, 105: 23153–23166
Zhang H. Observational study of magnetic chirality of solar active regions. Adv Space Res, 2008, 42: 1480–1491
Li K, Schmieder B, Li Q. Statistical analysis of the X-ray flares (M ≥ 1) during the maximum period of solar cycle 22. Astron Astrophys Suppl, 1998, 131: 99–104
Livi S H B, Wang J, Martin S F. The cancellation of magnetic flux. I — On the quiet sun. Aust J Phys, 1985, 38: 855–873
Wang J, Shi Z, Martin S F, et al. The cancellation of magnetic flux on the quiet sun. Vista Astron, 1988, 31: 79–83
Wang J, Shi Z, Martin S F. Filament disturbance and associated magnetic changes in the filament environment. Astron Astrophys, 1996, 316: 201–214
Zhang J, Wang J, Nitta N. A filament-associated Halo coronal mass ejection. Chin J Astron Astrophys, 2001, 1: 85–98
Contarino L, Romano P, Zuccarello F. Canceling magnetic feature and filament activation. Astron Nachr, 2006, 327(7): 674–679
van Ballegooijen A A, Martens P C H. Formation and eruption of solar prominences. Astrophys J, 1989, 343: 971–984
Mackay D H, van Ballegooijen A A. New results in modeling the hemispheric pattern of solar filaments. Astrophys J, 2005, 621: L77–L80
Heyvaerts J, Priest E R, Rust D M. An emerging flux model for the solar flare phenomenon. Astrophys J, 1977, 216: 123–137
Feynman J, Martin S F. The initiation of coronal mass ejections by newly emerging magnetic flux. J Geophys Res, 1995, 100(A3): 3355–3367
Liu Y, Su J, Morimoto T, et al. Observations of an emerging flux region surge: Implications for coronal mass ejections triggered by emerging flux. Astrophys J, 2005, 628: 1056–1060
Liu J, Zhang H. The magnetic field, horizontal motion and helicity in a fast emerging flux region which eventually forms a delta spot. Sol Phys, 2006, 234: 21–40
Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhang H. On the relationship between flux emergence and CME initiation. Sol Phys, 2008, 250: 75–88
Tang Y, Li Y, Fang C, et al. Hα and soft X-ray brightening events caused by emerging flux. Astrophys J, 2000, 534: 482–489
Leka K D, Canfield R C, McClymont A N, et al. Evidence for current-carrying emerging flux. Astrophys J, 1996, 462: 547–560
Lin J, Forbes T G, Isenberg P A. Prominence eruptions and coronal mass ejections triggered by newly emerging flux. J Geophys Res, 2001, 106(A11): 25053–25074
Zhang H, Bao X, Zhang Y, et al. Three super active regions in the descending phase of solar cycle 23. Chin J Astron Astrophys, 2003, 3: 491–494
Li H, Schmieder B, Aulanier G, et al. Is pre-eruptive null point reconnection required for triggering eruptions? Sol Phy, 2006, 237: 85–100
Archontis V, Török T. Eruption of magnetic flux ropes during flux emergence. Astron Astrophys, 2008, 492: L35–L38
Zhang L, Wang H, Du Z, et al. Long-term behavior of active longitudes for sol X-ray flares. Astron Astrophys, 2007, 471: 711–716
Wang H, Cui Y, Li R, et al. Solar flare forecasting model supported with artificial neural network technique. Adv Space Rev, 2008, 42: 1464–1468
Furth H P, J Killeen J, Rosenbluth M N. Finite-resistivity instabilities of a sheet pinch. Phys Fluids, 1963, 6: 459–484
Priest E R. The magnetohydrodynamics of current sheets. Rep Prog Phys, 1985, 48: 955–1090
Priest E R, Forbes T G. Magnetic Reconnection: MHD Theory and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Liu W, Chen P, Fang C, et al. Evolution of electron energy spectrum during solar flares. Adv Space Rev, 2007, 39: 1394–1397
Poletto G, Kopp R A. Macroscopic electric fields during two-ribbon flares. In “The lower atmosphere of solar flares; Proceedings of the Solar Maximum Mission Symposium”, Sunspot, NM, Aug. 20–24, 1985. Sunspot, NM, National Solar Observatory, 1986. 453–465
Lin J, Forbes T G, Priest E R, et al. Models for the motions of flare loops and ribbons. Sol Phys, 1995, 159: 275–299
Wang H, Qiu J, Jing J, et al. Study of ribbon separation of a flare associated with a quiescent filament eruption. Astrophys J, 2003, 593: 564–570
Qiu J, Wang H, Cheng C, et al. Magnetic reconnection and mass acceleration in flare-coronal mass ejection events. Astrophys J, 2004, 604: 900–905
Jiang Y, Shen Y, Bi Y, et al. Magnetic interaction: A transequatorial jet and interconnecting loops. Astrophys J, 2008, 677: 699–703
Lin J, van Ballegooijen A A. Equilibrium and evolution in multipolar magnetic configurations resulting from interactions among active regions. Astrophys J, 2005, 629: 582–591
Švestka Z. Solar Flares. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1976
Švestka Z, Fontenla J M, Machado M E, et al. Multi-thermal observations of newly formed loops in a dynamic flare. Sol Phys, 1987, 108: 237–250
Gan W, Rieger E, Fang C. Semiempirical flare models with chromospheric condensation. Astrophys J, 1993, 416: 886–892
Lin J. Motions of flare ribbons and loops in various magnetic configurations. Sol Phys, 2004, 222: 115–136
Ji H, Huang G, Wang H, et al. Converging motion of Hα conjugate kernels. The signature of fast relaxation of a sheared magnetic field. Astrophys J, 2006, 636: L173–L174
Ji H, Wang H, Liu C, et al. A hard X-ray sigmoidal structure during the initial phase of the 2003 October 29 X10 flare. Astrophys J, 2008, 680: 734–739
Lin J, Raymond J C, van Ballegooijen A A. The role of magnetic reconnection in the observable features of solar eruptions. Astrophys J, 2004, 602: 422–435
Raymond J C, Ciaravella A, Dobrzycka D, et al. Farultraviolet spectra of fast coronal mass ejections associated with X-class flares. Astrophys J, 2003, 597: 1106–1117
Forbes T G, Lin J. What can we learn about reconnection from coronal mass ejections? J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 2000, 62: 1499–1507
Strauss H R. Turbulent reconnection. Astrophys J, 1988, 326: 412–417.
Bemporad A. Spectroscopic detection of turbulence in post-CME current sheets. Astrophys J, 2008, 689: 572–584
Ambrosiano J, Matthaeus W H, Goldstein M L, et al. Test particle acceleration in turbulent reconnecting magnetic fields. J Geophys Res, 1988, 93: 14383–14400
Ko Y, Raymond J C, Lin J, et al. Dynamical and physical properties of a post-coronal mass ejection current sheet. Astrophys J, 2003, 594: 1068–1084
Lin J, Ko Y-K, Sui L, et al. Direct observations of the magnetic reconnection site of an eruption on 2003 November 18. Astrophys J, 2005, 622: 1251–1264
Lin J, Li J, Forbes T G, et al. Features and properties of coronal mass ejection/flare current sheets. Astrophys J, 2007, 658: L123–L126
Lin J, Li J, Ko Y-K, et al. Investigation of thickness and electrical resistivity of the current sheets in solar eruptions. Astrophys J, 2009, 693: 1666–1677
Innes D E, Curdt W, Schwenn R, Solanki S, et al. Large doppler shifts in X-ray plasma: An explosive start to coronal mass ejection. Astrophys J, 2001, 549: L249–L252
Kohl J L, Noci G, Cranmer SR, et al. Ultraviolet spectroscopy of the extended solar corona. Astron Astrophys Rev, 2006, 13: 31–157
Sui L, Holman G D. Evidence for the formation of a largescale current sheet in a solar flare. Astrophys J, 2004, 596: L251–L254
Aschwanden M J. Pulsed particle injection in a reconnectiondriven dynamic trap model in solar flares. Astrophys J, 2004, 608: 554–561
Huang G, Lin J. Quasi-periodic reversals of radio polarization at 17 GHz observed in the 2002 April 21 solar event. Astrophys J, 2006, 639: L99–L102
Fu Q, Ji H, Qin Z, et al. A new solar broadband radio spectrometer (SBRS) in China. Sol Phys, 2004, 222: 167–173
Yan Y, Zhang J, Wang W, et al. The Chinese spectral radioheliograph-CSRG. Earth Moon Planets, 2009, 104: 97–100
Wang S, Zhong X. Fiber fine structures superposed on the solar continuum emission Near 3 GHz. Sol Phys, 2006, 236: 155–166
Chernov G P, Yan Y, Fu Q, et al. Unusual zebra patterns in the decimeter wave band. Sol Phys, 2008, 250: 115–131
Wang S, Yan Y, Liu Y, et al. Solar radio spikes in 2.6–3.8 GHz during the 13 December 2006 event. Sol Phys, 2008, 253: 133–141
Wu D, Huang J, Tang J, et al. Solar microwave drifting spikes and solitary kinetic Alfvén waves. Astrophys J, 2007, 665: L171–L174
Ciaravella A, Raymond J C, Li J, et al. Elemental abundances and post-coronal mass ejection current sheet in a very hot active region. Astrophys J, 2002, 575: 1116–1128
Ciaravella A, Raymond J C. The current sheet associated with the 2003 November 4 coronal mass ejection: Density, temperature, thickness, and line width. Astrophys J, 2008, 686: 1372–1382
Lin J, Mancuso S, Vourlidas A. Theoretical investigation of the onset of type II radio bursts during solar eruptions. Astrophys J, 2006, 649: 1110–1123
Mancuso S, Raymond J C, Kohl J L, et al. UVCS/SOHO observations of a CME-driven shock: Consequences on ion heating mechanisms behind a coronal shock. Astron Astrophys, 2002, 383: 267–274
Klassen A, Pohjolainen S, Klein K-L. Type II radio precursor and X-ray flare emission. Sol Phys, 2003, 218: 197–210
Yan Y, Pick M, Wang M, et al. A radio burst and its associated CME on March 17, 2002. Sol Phys, 2006, 239: 277–2
Bastian T S, Benz A O, Gary D E. Radio Emission from Solar Flares. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys, 1998, 36: 131–188
Moreton G E, Ramsey H E. Recent observations of dynamical phenomena associated with solar flares. Publ Astron Soc Pac, 1960, 72(428): 357–358
Wills-Davey M J, DeForest C E, Stenflo J O. Are “EIT waves” fast-mode MHD waves? Astrophys J, 2007, 664: 556–562
Uchida Y. Propagation of hydromagnetic disturbances in the solar corona and Moreton’s wave phenomenon. Sol Phys, 1960, 4: 30–44
Narukage N, Morimoto T, Kadota M, et al. X-ray expanding features associated with a moreton wave. Pub Astron Soc Jpn, 2004, 56: L5–L8
Chen P, Wu S, Shibata K, et al. Evidence of EIT and Moreton waves in numerical simulations. Astrophys J, 2002, 572: L99–L102
Chen P, Fang C, Shibata K. A full view of EIT waves. Astrophys J, 2005, 622: 1202–1210
Chen P, Ding M, Fang C. Synthesis of CME-associated Moreton and EIT wave features from MHD simulations. Space Sci Rev, 2005, 121: 201–211
Raymond J C, Thompson B J, St Cyr O C, et al. SOHO and radio observations of a CME shock wave. Geophys Res Lett, 2008, 27(10): 1439–1442
Mancuso S, Avetta D. UV and radio observations of the coronal shock associated with the 2002 July 23 coronal mass ejection event. Astrophys J, 2008, 677: 683–691
Noci G, Kohl J L, Withbroe G L. Solar wind diagnostics from Doppler-enhanced scattering. Astrophys J, 1987, 315: 706–715
Ai G, Jin S, Wang S, et al. New Progress on space solar telescope. Adv Space Res, 2002, 29(12): 2051–2054
Ai G, Zhang H, Zhang B. A proposal for space solar telescope. Solar Magnetic and Velocity Fields. In: Zhang H, ed. Beijing: Open Laboratory for the Association of optics and Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1993. 1–9
Cranmer S R, van Ballegooijen A A, Edgar R J. Self-consistent coronal heating and solar wind acceleration from anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Astrophys J Suppl Ser, 2007, 171: 520–551
Lin J, Cranmer S R, Farrugia C J. Plasmoids in reconnecting current sheets: Solar and terrestrial contexts compared. J Geophys Res, 2008, 113(A11): A11107
Kohl J L, Esser R, Gardner L D. The ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometer for the solar and heliospheric observatory. Sol Phys, 1995, 162: 313–356
Kohl J L, Jain R, Cranmer S R, et al. Next generation UV coronagraph instrumentation for solar cycle-24. J Astrophys Astron, 2008, 29: 321–327
Xuan J, Lin J. A two-dimensional multi-band spectroheliograph. Sol Phys, 1993, 144: 307–314
Gu X, Lin J, Li K, et al. Kinematic characteristics of the surge on March 19, 1989. Astron Astrophys, 1994, 282: 240–251
Xuan J, Gu X, Lin J, et al. Time evolution and morphological characteristics of white light flare on 18 January 1989. Astron Astrophys Suppl, 1998, 129: 553–5
Li K, Schmieder B, Malherbe J-M, et al. Physical properties of the quiescent prominence of 5 June 1996, from Hα observations. Sol Phys, 1998, 183: 323–338
Dun J, Gu X, Zhong S. A typical example of the application of the “Multi-Cloud Model” method to the asymmetric profiles processing. Astrophys Space Sci, 2000, 274: 473–479
Gu X, Dun J, Zhong S. Two-dimensional multi-parameter fields of a limb flare loop system. Astron Astrophys, 2001, 380: 704–713
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB806303), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40636031 and 10873030), the CAS to YNAO (Grant No. KJCX2-YW-T04), and the NASA to the Harvard-Smithsonian CfA (Gant No. NNX07AL72G)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, J. Studies of solar flares and CMEs related to the space solar missions in the future. Sci. China Ser. G-Phys. Mech. Astron. 52, 1646–1654 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-009-0242-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-009-0242-7