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Impact of acute and chronic inhalation exposure to CdO nanoparticles on mice

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Abstract

Cadmium nanoparticles can represent a risk in both industrial and environmental settings, but there is little knowledge on the impacts of their inhalation, especially concerning longer-term exposures. In this study, mice were exposed to cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles in whole body inhalation chambers for 4 to 72 h in acute and 1 to 13 weeks (24 h/day, 7 days/week) in chronic exposure to investigate the dynamics of nanoparticle uptake and effects. In the acute experiment, mice were exposed to 2.95 × 106 particles/cm3 (31.7 μg CdO/m3). The same concentration and a lower one (1.18 × 106 particles/cm3, 12.7 μg CdO/m3) were used for the chronic exposure. Transmission electron microscopy documented distribution of nanoparticles into all studied organs. Major portion of nanoparticles was retained in the lung, but longer exposure led to a greater relative redistribution into secondary organs, namely the kidney, and also the liver and spleen. Accumulation of Cd in the lung and liver occurred already after 24 h and in the brain, kidney, and spleen after 72 h of exposure, and a further increase of Cd levels was observed throughout the chronic exposure. There were significant differences in both Cd accumulation and effects between the two exposure doses. Lung weight in the higher exposure group increased up to 2-fold compared to the control. Histological analyses showed dose-dependent alterations in lung and liver morphology and damage to their tissue. Modulation of oxidative stress parameters including glutathione levels and increased lipid peroxidation occurred mainly after the greater chronic exposure. The results emphasize risk of longer-term inhalation of cadmium nanoparticles, since adverse effects occurring after shorter exposures gradually progressed with a longer exposure duration.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Pavel Moravec from Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, CAS, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic for helping with the generation of the CdONPs and SMPS measurement with nanoDMA. The work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation grant No. P503/11/2315 and P503/12/G147 and by project LO1214 funded by the National Sustainability Programme of the Czech Republic. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Building A29, CZ62500, Brno, Czech Republic

    J. Lebedová, L. Bláhová & K. Hilscherová

  2. Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, CZ60200, Brno, Czech Republic

    Z. Večeřa, P. Mikuška & B. Dočekal

  3. Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic

    M. Buchtová & I. Míšek

  4. Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

    J. Dumková & A. Hampl

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  1. J. Lebedová
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  10. K. Hilscherová
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Correspondence to K. Hilscherová.

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The experiments were performed in accordance with the ethical approval of the Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics (no. 081/2010).

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Lebedová, J., Bláhová, L., Večeřa, Z. et al. Impact of acute and chronic inhalation exposure to CdO nanoparticles on mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 24047–24060 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7600-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7600-6

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