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Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols at Agra “World heritage site” and Delhi “capital city of India”

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Abstract

Agra, one of the oldest cities “World Heritage site”, and Delhi, the capital city of India are both located in the border of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and heavily loaded with atmospheric aerosols due to tourist place, anthropogenic activities, and its topography, respectively. Therefore, there is need for monitoring of atmospheric aerosols to perceive the scenario and effects of particles over northern part of India. The present study was carried out at Agra (AGR) as well as Delhi (DEL) during winter period from November 2011 to February 2012 of fine particulate (PM2.5: d < 2.5 μm) as well as associated carbonaceous aerosols. PM2.5 was collected at both places using medium volume air sampler (offline measurement) and analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). Also, simultaneously, black carbon (BC) was measured (online) at DEL. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 165.42 ± 119.46 μg m−3 at AGR while at DEL it was 211.67 ± 41.94 μg m−3 which is ~27 % higher at DEL than AGR whereas the BC mass concentration was 10.60 μg m−3. The PM2.5 was substantially higher than the annual standard stipulated by central pollution control board and United States Environmental Protection Agency standards. The average concentrations of OC and EC were 69.96 ± 34.42 and 9.53 ± 7.27 μm m−3, respectively. Total carbon (TC) was 79.01 ± 38.98 μg m−3 at AGR, while it was 50.11 ± 11.93 (OC), 10.67 ± 3.56 μg m−3 (EC), and 60.78 ± 14.56 μg m−3 (TC) at DEL. The OC/EC ratio was 13.75 at (AGR) and 5.45 at (DEL). The higher OC/EC ratio at Agra indicates that the formation of secondary organic aerosol which emitted from variable primary sources. Significant correlation between PM2.5 and its carbonaceous species were observed indicating similarity in sources at both sites. The average concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOC) and primary organic carbon (POC) at AGR were 48.16 and 26.52 μg m−3 while at DEL it was 38.78 and 27.55 μg m−3, respectively. In the case of POC, similar concentrations were observed at both places but in the case of SOC higher over AGR by 24 in comparison to DEL, it is due to the high concentration of OC over AGR. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was 42 % higher at AGR than DEL which confirms the formation of secondary aerosol at AGR due to rural environment with higher concentrations of coarse mode particles. The SOA contribution in PM2.5 was also estimated and was ~32 and 12 % at AGR and DEL respectively. Being high loading of fine particles along with carbonaceous aerosol, it is suggested to take necessary and immediate action in mitigation of the emission of carbonaceous aerosol in the northern part of India.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to University Grant Commission (RGNF-2011-12) New Delhi for financial support and Department of Chemistry, University of Pune and Dr B R Ambedkar University Agra for providing necessary facilities to complete this work. We are also thankful to Indian Institute Tropical Meteorology (IITM) laboratory New Delhi for analyzing the carbonaceous aerosols.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune, India, 411007

    A. S. Pipal & P. G. Satsangi

  2. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorological, New Delhi Branch, India, 110060

    S. Tiwari, D.S. Bisht & A. K. Srivastava

  3. Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra, India, 282002

    Ajay Taneja

  4. Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, 221005

    M. K. Srivastava

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  1. A. S. Pipal
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Pipal, A.S., Tiwari, S., Satsangi, P.G. et al. Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols at Agra “World heritage site” and Delhi “capital city of India”. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 8678–8691 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2768-0

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