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Strategy and Structure in High-Performing Nonprofits: Insights from Iberoamerican Cases

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Abstract

Some nonprofits evolve from small into large international organizations. For years, “structure follows strategy” (Chandler) has been the dictum to explain organizational strategic changes like the ones in nonprofits. But scholars also recognized organization structure to be a precondition to carry out certain strategies. Nevertheless, research on structure and strategy in nonprofits is limited. This paper explores the mutual influence of organization structure and strategy in high-performing nonprofits in Iberoamerica based on a secondary analysis of 20 unpublished research cases of the Social Enterprise Knowledge Network. It follows the research question: Which organizations’ strategies and structures characterize high-performing nonprofits over time? Four types of organizing patterns emerged: starting-up, professionalizing, decentralizing, and conglomerating.

Résumé

De petites organisations internationales, certains organismes à but non lucratif deviennent de grandes organisations. Pendant des années, «la structure suit la stratégie» (Chandler) a été la formule pour expliquer les changements stratégiques comme ceux dans les organismes à but non lucratif. Mais les universitaires ont également reconnu la structure de l’organisation comme une condition préalable pour réaliser certaines stratégies. Néanmoins, les recherches sur la structure et la stratégie dans les organismes à but non lucratif sont limitées. Le présent article examine l’influence mutuelle des structures et des stratégies organisationnelles dans les organismes à but non lucratif très performants en Ibéro-Amérique en prenant en compte une analyse secondaire de 20 cas de recherche inédits du Social Enterprise Knowledge Network. Il fait suite à la question de recherche suivante : quelles stratégies et structures des organisations caractérisent-elles les organisations à but non lucratif dans le temps ? Quatre modèles d’organisation sont apparus : le lancement, la professionnalisation, la décentralisation et le conglomérat.

Zusammenfassung

Einige gemeinnützige Organisationen entwickeln sich von kleinen zu großen internationalen Organisationen. Seit Jahren gilt das Diktum „Struktur folgt Strategie“(Chandler) zur Erklärung strategischer Änderungen, wie die der gemeinnützigen Organisationen. Doch verstanden die Wissenschaftler die Organisationsstruktur auch als eine Vorbedingung für die Verfolgung bestimmter Strategien. Trotzdem ist die Forschung zur Struktur und Strategie von gemeinnützigen Organisationen begrenzt. Beruhend auf einer sekundären Analyse von 20 unveröffentlichten Forschungsarbeiten des Social Enterprise Knowledge Network untersucht dieser Beitrag den gegenseitigen Einfluss der Organisationsstruktur und -strategie in leistungsstarken gemeinnützigen Organisationen in Iberoamerika. Man geht folgender Forschungsfrage nach: Welche organisatorischen Strategien und Strukturen kennzeichnen leistungsstarke gemeinnützige Organisationen im Laufe der Zeit? Es ergaben sich vier Arten von Organisationsmustern: Anlaufphase, Professionalisierung, Dezentralisierung und Zusammenschluss.

Resumen

Algunas organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro evolucionan desde pequeñas organizaciones internacionales a grandes organizaciones internacionales. Durante años, la “estructura sigue a la estrategia” (Chandler) ha sido la máxima para explicar cambios organizacionales estratégicos como los de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro. Pero los eruditos han reconocido también que la estructura de la organización es una condición previa para llevar a cabo determinadas estrategias. No obstante, la investigación sobre estructura y estrategia en organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro es limitada. El presente documento explora la mutua influencia de la estructura organizativa y la estrategia en las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro con alto rendimiento en Iberoamérica basándose en un análisis secundario de 20 casos de investigación no publicados de la Social Enterprise Knowledge Network. Continúa con la cuestión de investigación: ¿Qué estrategias y estructuras de las organizaciones caracterizan a las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro con alto rendimiento a lo largo del tiempo? Surgieron cuatro tipos de patrones organizativos: puesta en marcha, profesionalización, descentralización y conglomeración.

摘要

某些非营利组织由小变大,成为大型国际机构。数年以来,“结构跟随战略”(钱德勒)已成为解释类似非营利组织的战略变化的格言。但也有学者认为组织结构是执行特定战略的先决条件。虽然如此,非营利组织结构和战略研究受到限制。通过分析20个未公布的社会企业知识网络研究案例,本文探索了伊比利亚美洲高绩效非营利组织的组织结构和战略之间的相互影响。随后的问题是:高绩效非营利组织采用何种战略和结构?现有四种组织类型,即创业型,专业型,分散型和联合型。

ملخص

بعض المنظمات الغير ربحية تتطور من منظمات صغيرة إلى منظمات دولية كبيرة. لسنوات، “هيكل يتبع إستراتيجية” (Chandler) كان القول المأثور لشرح التغييرات الإستراتيجية مثل تلك الموجودة في المنظمات الغير ربحية. لكن العلماء أيضا˝ تعترف بالهيكل التنظيمي ليكون شرط مسبق لتنفيذ إستراتيجيات معينة. مع ذلك، البحث عن الهيكل والإستراتيجية في المنظمات الغير ربحية محدود. يحلل هذا المقال التأثير المتبادل للهيكل التنظيمي والإستراتيجية في إرتفاع أداء المنظمات الغير ربحية في البلدان الأيبيرية الأمريكية إستنادا˝ إلى التحليل الثانوي من 20 حالة بحوث غير منشورة من شبكة معرفة المؤسسة الإجتماعية. تتابع سؤال البحث: ما هي إستراتيجيات المنظمات والهياكل التي تميز المنظمات الغير ربحية عالية الأداء مع مرور الوقت؟ أربعة أنواع من أنماط تنظيم ظهرت: الإعداد ، المهني، اللامركزي، وعدد من البنود التي يتم تجميعها معا˝.

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Notes

  1. In addition to Chandler's work, other studies in this tradition are those of British Channon (1973), French Dyas (1972), Italian Pavan (1972), and German Thanheiser (1972) enterprises.

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Correspondence to Urs P. Jäger.

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The authors express gratitude to Francisco Leguizamón, Juliano Flores, the SEKN team, and two anonymous reviewers of Voluntas.

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Ogliastri, E., Jäger, U.P. & M. Prado, A. Strategy and Structure in High-Performing Nonprofits: Insights from Iberoamerican Cases. Voluntas 27, 222–248 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9560-8

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