Skip to main content
Log in

A Model of Strategic Nonprofit Human Resource Management

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article presents a model of strategic nonprofit human resource management (SNHRM) that draws from resource-based view and resource dependence theory, to explain the determinants of strategic human resources management (SHRM) in nonprofit organizations. Three guiding principles, strategy types and propositions are presented to explain the complex interactions and processes in the SNHRM system. The article lays a foundation for future research and offers managers a framework for SHRM planning and implementation in nonprofit organizations.

Résumé

Cet article présente un modèle de gestion stratégique des ressources humaines pour les organisations sans but lucratif s’inspirant d’une conception basée sur les ressources, de la dépendance des ressources et de la théorie des échanges sociaux, afin d’expliquer les éléments déterminants de la GSRH (Gestion stratégique des ressources humaines) pour les organisations sans but lucratif. Quatre principes directeurs, les types de stratégie et des propositions sont exposés afin d’expliquer la complexité des interactions et des processus au sein de ce système de GSRH. L’article pose les fondations d’une recherche future et offre aux responsables un cadre de travail pour une planification et une mise en œuvre de la GSRH au sein des organisations sans but lucratif.

Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert ein Modell des strategischen Personalmanagements in Nonprofit-Organisationen, welches sich auf die Ressourcentheorie, die Ressourcenabhängigkeitstheorie und die soziale Austauschtheorie stützt, um die bestimmenden Faktoren des strategischen Personalmanagements in Nonprofit-Organisationen zu erläutern. Es werden vier Leitprinzipien, Strategiearten und Ansätze vorgestellt, um die komplexen Interaktionen und Verfahren im strategischen Personalmanagementsystem in Nonprofit-Organisationen darzustellen. Der Beitrag bildet eine Grundlage für zukünftige Studien und bietet Managern ein Rahmenwerk für die Planung und Implementierung des strategischen Personalmanagements in Nonprofit-Organisationen.

Resumen

Este artículo presenta un modelo de gestión estratégica de recursos humanos sin ánimo de lucro que surge de la visión basada en recursos, de la dependencia de recursos y de la teoría del intercambio social, para explicar los determinantes de la Gestión Estratégica de Recursos Humanos sin ánimo de lucro (SHRM, del inglés Strategic Nonprofit Human Resource Management) en organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro. Se presentan 4 principios rectores, tipos de estrategia y propuestas para explicar las interacciones y procesos complejos en el sistema SNHRM. El artículo establece los cimientos de futuras investigaciones y ofrece a los gestores un marco para la implementación y planificación de SHRM en organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro.

摘要

本文提出了一种战略性非盈利人力资源管理模式,该模式从基于资源的观点和资源依赖与社会交换理论,来揭示非盈利机构中的战略性非盈利人力资源管理(SHRM)的决定因素。文中提出了四项原理、战略类型和主张,以解释 SNHRM 体系内复杂的互动和流程。本文为未来的相关研究提供了基础,为非盈利机构管理人员提供 SHRM 规划与实施的理论框架。

ملخص

هذا المقال يقدم نموذجا˝ لإستراتيجية إدارة الموارد البشرية الغير ربحية التي يتم إستنتاجه من رأي يعتمد على الموارد، الإعتماد على الموارد و نظرية التبادل الإجتماعي، لشرح محددات لإستراتيجية إدارة الموارد البشرية الغير ربحية (SHRM) في المنظمات الغير ربحية. تعرض أربعة مبادئ توجيهية، وأنواع الإستراتيجيات والمقترحات لتفسير التفاعلات المعقدة والعمليات في نظام إستراتيجية إدارة الموارد البشرية الغير ربحية(SNHRM). المقالة تضع أساس للبحث في المستقبل ويقدم إطارا˝ للمديرين لتخطيط وتنفيذ إستراتيجية إدارة الموارد البشرية الغير ربحية(SNHRM) في المنظمات الغير ربحية.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akingbola, K. (2004). Staffing, retention and government funding. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 14(4), 453–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akingbola, K. (2006). Strategy and human resource management in nonprofit organizations: Evidence from Canada. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(10), 1707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J. (2000). Adaptive strategies of nonprofit human service organizations in the era of devolution and new public management. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 10(3), 287–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amit, R., & Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1993). Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14(1), 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. (1992). A charitable approach to personnel. Personnel Management, 24(12), 28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbeito, C. L., & Bowman, J. P. (1998). Nonprofit compensation and benefits practices. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barney, J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10), 1231–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, B. W. (1986). Strategic planning for non-profit. Amherst: Weider Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batt, R. (2000). Strategic segmentation in front-line services: Matching customers, employees and human resource systems. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(3), 540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, J. A. C. (1994). Organizational niches and the dynamics of organizational mortality. American Journal of Sociology, 100(2), 346–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, J., & Oliver, C. (1991). Institutional linkages and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 187–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, J. A. C., & Oliver, C. (1996). Toward an institutional ecology of organizational founding. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1378–1427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, B. E., & Gerhart, B. (1996). The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 779–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, A., Broadbent, J., & Otley, D. (1995). Management control: Theories, issues and practices. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boxall, P. (2003). HR strategy and competitive advantage in the service sector. Human Resource Management Journal, 13(3), 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandel, G. A. (2001). The truth about working in not-for-profit. CPA Journal, 71(10), 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewster, C. (1995). Towards a European model of human resource management. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewster, C. (2007). A European perspective on HRM. European Journal of International Management, 1(3), 239–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. A., & Iverson, J. O. (2004). Exploring strategy and board structure in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(3), 377–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. A., & Yoshioka, C. (2003). Mission attachment and satisfaction as factors in employee retention. Nonprofit Leadership and Management, 14(1), 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cappelli, P. (2008). Talent management for the twenty-first century. Harvard Business Review, Mar 01, 74–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambré, S. M. (1997). Civil society, differential resources, and organizational development: HIV/AIDS organizations in New York City, 1982–1992. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 26(4), 466–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambré, S. M., & Fatt, N. (2002). Beyond the liability of newness: Nonprofit organizations in an emerging policy domain. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31, 502–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetkovich, C., & Frumkin, P. (2003). Balancing margin and mission: Nonprofit competition in charitable versus fee-based programs. Administration & Society, 35(5), 564–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. (2007). The UK voluntary sector almanac. London: The UK Workforce Hub at NCVO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colbert, B. (2004). The complex resource-based view: Implications for theory and practice in strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 341–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, C. J., & Clark, K. D. (2003). Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource practices in creating organizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 740–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2000). Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 678–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conner, K. R. (1991). A historical comparison of resource based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm? Journal of Management, 17, 121–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, R. (2002). Strategic management for voluntary nonprofit organizations. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crittenden, W. (2000). Spinning straw into gold: The tenuous strategy, funding, and financial performance linkage. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29, 164–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874–900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, I. (2001). Sweet charity: Managing employee commitment in the UK voluntary sector. Employee Relations, 23(3), 226–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of theorizing human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 802–835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devaro, J., & Brookshire, D. (2007). Promotions and incentives in nonprofit and for-profit organizations. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 60(3), 311–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Anheier, H. K. (1990). The sociology of nonprofit organizations and sectors. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 137–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doty, D. H., Glick, W. H., & Huber, G. P. (1993). Fit, equifinality, and organizational effectiveness: A test of two configurational theories. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1196–1251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drucker, P. F. (1992). Managing the nonprofit organization: Principles and practices. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durst, S. L., & Newell, C. (2001). The who, why, and how of reinvention in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(4), 1443–1457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M. K., & Meinhard, A. (2002). A contingency view of the responses of voluntary social service organizations in Ontario to government cutbacks. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 19(1), 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fottler, M. D. (1981). Is management really generic? Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frumkin, P., & Andre-Clark, A. (2000). When mission, markets, and politics collide: Values and strategy in the nonprofit human services. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(1), 141–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooderham, P. N., & Nordhaug, O. (1997). Flexibility in British and Norwegian firms: A comparative institutional study. Employee Relations, 19, 568–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould-Williams, J., & Davies, F. (2005). Using social exchange theory to predict the effects of HRM practice on employee outcomes. Public Management Review, 7(1), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, S., & Welsh, M. (1988). Cybernetics and dependence: Reframing the control concept. Academy of Management Review, 13, 287–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, C., Brown, W. A., Ashcraft, R. F., Yoshioka, C. F., & Dong, H.-K. D. (2011). Strategic human resources management in nonprofit organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31(3), 248–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hager, M. A., & Galaskiewicz, J. (2000). A test of ecological, institutional and network determinants of survival among nonprofit organizations. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

  • Hager, M. A., Galaskiewicz, J., Bielefeld, W., & Pins, J. (1996). Tales from the grave: Organizations’ account of their own demise. American Behavioral Scientist, 39(8), 975–995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M., & Banting, K. (2000). The nonprofit sector in Canada: An introduction. In K. Banting (Ed.), The nonprofit sector in Canada: Roles and relationships (pp. 1–28). Kingston, ON: Queen’s University School of Policy Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. H., Andrukow, A., & Associates. (2003). The capacity to serve: A qualitative study of the challenges facing Canada’s nonprofit and voluntary organizations. Toronto: Canadian Centre for Philanthropy.

  • Hallock, K. F. (2002). Managerial pay and governance in American nonprofits. Industrial Relations, 41, 377–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy, F., & Katz, E. (1998). The wage differential between nonprofit institutions and corporations: Getting more by paying less?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 26, 246–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handy, F., Mook, L., & Quarter, J. (2008). The interchangeability of paid staff and volunteers in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(1), 76–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansmann, H. (1987). Economic theories of nonprofit organization. In W. W. Powell (Ed.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (pp. 27–42). New Haven: Yale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansmann, H. B. (1980). The role of nonprofit enterprise. The Yale Law Journal, 89(5), 835–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartenian, L. S. (2007). Nonprofit agency dependence on direct service and indirect support volunteers. An empirical investigation. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 17(3), 319–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helmig, B., Jegers, M., & Lapsley, I. (2004). Challenges in managing nonprofit organizations: A research overview. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 15(2), 101–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, R. D. (2004). The future of nonprofit management. In R. D. Herman (Ed.), The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership & management (2nd ed., pp. 731–735). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, R. D., & Heimovics, R. D. (1989). Critical events in the management of nonprofit organizations: Initial evidence. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 119, 132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, R. D., & Renz, D. O. (2004). Investigating the relation between good management, financial outcomes and stakeholder judgement of effectiveness in donative and commercial nonprofit organizations. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action, Los Angeles.

  • Hirth, R. (1999). Consumer information and competition between nonprofit and for-profit nursing homes. Journal of Health Economics, 18(2), 219–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1995). Understanding human resource management in the context of organizations and their environments. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 237–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Rivero, J. C., & Jackson, S. (1989). Organizational characteristics as predictors of personnel practices. Personnel Psychology, 42(4), 727–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jäger, U., & Beyes, T. (2010). Strategizing in NPOs: A case study on the practice of organizational change between social mission and economic rationale. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 21, 82–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeavons, T. H. (1992). When management is the message: Relating values to management practice in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 2(4), 403–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalleberg, A. L., Marden, P., Reynolds, J., & Knoke, D. (2006). Beyond profit! Sectoral difference in high-performance work practices. Work and Occupations, 33(3), 271–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. (2005). Three big management challenges in nonprofit human services agencies. International Review of Public Administration, 10(1), 85–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreutzer, K. (2009). Nonprofit governance during organizational transition in voluntary associations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 20(1), 117–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuvaas, B., & Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(3), 217–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., & Lengnick-Hall, M. A. (1988). Strategic human resources management: A review of the literature and a proposed typology. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 454–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lengnick-Hall, M. L., Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Andrade, L., & Drake, B. (2009). Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field. Human Resource Management Review, 19, 64–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lepak, D. P., & Snell, S. A. (1999). The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review, 24, 31–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao-Troth, M. A. (2001). Attitude differences between paid workers and volunteers. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 11(4), 423–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, P. C. (2000). Making nonprofits work: A report on the tides of nonprofit management reform. Washington, DC: Brookings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, P. C. (2002a). The content of their character: The state of the nonprofit workforce. The Nonprofit Quarterly, 9(3), 6–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, P. C. (2002b). The nonprofit example; find a way to make government more like a nonprofit, and it can only improve. Washington, DC: Brookings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, P. C. (2003). The health of the human services workforce. Washington, DC: Brookings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, D. B. (2003). Symposium: Human resource management in nonprofit organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 23(2), 91–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. (1982). Fears of conflict in face-to-face democracies. In F. Lindenfeld & J. Rothschild-Whitt (Eds.), Workplace democracy and social change (pp. 125–137). Boston: Horizon.

  • McMullen, K., & Brisbois, R. (2003). Coping with change: Human resource management in Canada’s nonprofit sector ( No. 4). Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullen, K., & Schellenberg, G. (2002). Mapping the nonprofit sector (No. 1). Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullen, K., & Schellenberg, G. (2003a). Job quality in nonprofit organizations. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullen, K., & Schellenberg, G. (2003b). Skills and training in the Non-Profit sector (No. 3). Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

  • Meinhard, A. (2006). Managing the human dimension in nonprofit organizations: Paid staff and volunteer. In V. Murray (Ed.), Management of nonprofit and charitable organizations in Canada (pp. 387–428). Markham: LexisNexis Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesch, D. J., & Rooney, P. M. (2008). Determinants of compensation: A study of pay, performance, and gender differences for fundraising professionals. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 18(4), 435–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messersmith, J. G., Patel, P. C., & Lepak, D. P. (2011). Unlocking the Black Box: Exploring the link between high-performance work systems and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1105–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1984). Designing strategic human resource systems. Organizational Dynamics, 13(1), 36–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. (2000). Managing for value: Organizational strategy in for-profit, nonprofit, and governmental organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29, 183–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, D., & Tushman, M. L. (1990). A congruence model for diagnosing organizational behavior. In R. Miles (Ed.), Resource book in macro organizational behaviour (pp. 30–49). Santa Clara, CA: Goodyear.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, W. H., & Wallender, H. W, I. I. I. (1978). Managing not-for profit enterprises. Academy of Management Review, 3(1), 24–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitterhouse, D. (1997). Financial management and accountability in small, religiously affiliated nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 26, S101–S121.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, M. (1998). Nonprofit management education: History, current issues, and the future. In M. O’Neill & K. Fletcher (Eds.), Nonprofit management education: U.S. and world perspectives (pp. 3–12). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, M., & Young, D. R. (1988). Educating managers of nonprofit organizations. In M. O’Neill & D. R. Young (Eds.), Educating managers of nonprofit organizations (pp. 1–21). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paauwe, J. (1996). Key issues in strategic human resource management: Lessons from the Netherlands. Human Resource Management Journal, 6(3), 76–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, E., & Kelliher, C. (2009). Voluntary sector responses to increased resourcing challenges. Employee Relations, 31(1), 9–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, E., Kelliher, C., Mills, T., & Tyson, S. (2005). Comparing HRM in the voluntary and public sectors. Personnel Review, 34(5), 588–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, E. T. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage through people: Unleashing the power of the work force. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., & Cohen, Y. (1984). Determinant of internal labour markets in organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 550–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichault, F., & Schoenaers, F. (2003). HRM practices in a process of organizational change: A contextual perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52(1), 120–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Swanberg, J. E., Bond, J. T., & Galinsky, E. (2004). Work–life policies and programs: Comparing the responsiveness of nonprofit and for-profit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 14(3), 291–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74, 61–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, A. (1989). The nonprofit worker in a for-profit world. Journal of Labor Economics, 7(4), 438–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quarter, J. (1992). Canada’s social economy: Co-operatives, nonprofits and other community enterprises. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quarter, J., Mook, L., & Armstrong, A. (2009). Understanding the social economy: A Canadian perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quarter, J., Mook, L., & Richmond, B. J. (2003). What counts: Social accounting for non-profits and cooperatives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, P. B., & Howe, V. J. (1999). Voluntary organizations in Ontario in 1990s. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 617–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridder, H., & McCandless, A. (2010). Influences on the architecture of human resource management in nonprofit organizations: An analytical framework. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(1), 124–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roomkin, M., & Weisbrod, B. (1999). Managerial compensation and incentives in for-profit and non-profit hospitals. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organisations, 15, 750–781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H., Adamski, L., & Block, S. R. (1989). Toward a discipline of nonprofit administration: Report from the Clarion Conference. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 18(3), 279–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L. (1987). Partners in public service: The scope and theory of government-nonprofit relations. In W. W. Powell (Ed.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (pp. 99–117). New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L. (1995). Partners in public service: Government-nonprofit relations in the modern welfare state. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L. M. (Ed.). (2002). The state of nonprofit America. Washington, DC: Brookings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L., & Anheier, H. (1998). Social origins of civil society: Explaining the nonprofit sector cross nationally. Voluntas, 3, 213–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L. M., & Geller, S. L. (2007). The nonprofit workforce crisis: Real or imagined? (COMMUNIQUÉ NO. 8). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Listening Post Project.

  • Schepers, C., De Gieter, S., Pepermans, R., Du Bois, C., Caers, R., & Jegers, M. (2005). How are employees of the nonprofit sector motivated? Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 16(2), 191–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuler, R. S., & Jackson, S. (1987). Linking competitive strategies with human resource management practices. Academic of Management Executive, 1, 207–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, K. (2003). Funding matters: the impact of Canada’s new funding regime on nonprofit and voluntary organizations. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R., & Lipsky, M. (1993). Nonprofits for hire: The welfare state in the age of contracting. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snell, S. A. (1999). Social capital and strategic HRM: It’s who you know. Human Resource Planning, 22(1), 62–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, M. M., Bigelow, B., & Crittenden, W. (1999). Research on strategic management in nonprofit organizations. Administration & Society, 31, 378–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, R., Lepak, D. P., Wang, H., & Takeuchi, K. (2007). An empirical examination of the mechanisms mediating between high performance work systems and the performance of Japanese organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1069–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., Beechler, S., & Napier, N. (1996). Toward an integrative model of strategic international human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 959–960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, S., & Amit, R. (2003). Learning from failure: Organizational mortality and the resource-based view. Ottawa: Micro-Economic Analysis Division, Statistics Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tichy, N., Fombrun, C., & Devanna, M. A. (1982). Strategic human resource management. Sloan Management Review, 23(2), 47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschirhart, M. (1998). Nonprofit management education: Recommendations drawn from three stakeholder groups. In M. O’Neill & K. Fletcher (Eds.), Nonprofit management education: U.S. and world perspectives (pp. 61–80). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W., & Tripoli, A. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the employee–organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off? Academy of Management Journal, 40, 1089–1121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, D. J., Baum, J. A. C., & Singh, J. (1992). The institutional ecology of human service organizations. In Y. Hasenfeld (Ed.), Human services as complex organizations (pp. 47–72). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisbrod, B. A. (1998). Institutional form and organization behavior. In W. W. Powell & E. S. Clemens, (Eds.). Private action and the public good (pp. 69–84) New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  • Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. M., & Boswell, W. R. (2002). Desegregating HRM: A review and synthesis of micro and macro human resource management research. Journal of Management, 28, 247–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (1992). Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18, 295–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. C., & McMahan, P. C. (2011). Exploring human capital: putting ‘human’ back into strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(2), 93–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. M., & Snell, S. A. (1998). Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management. Academic of Management Review, 23(4), 756–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youndt, M. A., Snell, S. A., Dean, J. W, Jr., & Lepak, D. P. (1996). Human resource management, manufacturing strategy and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 836–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kunle Akingbola.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Akingbola, K. A Model of Strategic Nonprofit Human Resource Management. Voluntas 24, 214–240 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9286-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9286-9

Keywords

Navigation