Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Regional determinants of ICT new firm formation

  • Published:
Small Business Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The role of regional determinants in new entrepreneurs’ location decisions is analyzed in the French information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. As we focus on the emergence of this industry, our dataset includes every new ICT firm in France in the period 1993–2001. We find evidence for the positive effect of co-location with incumbent ICT firms and some effect of knowledge spillovers. The effects of agglomeration, entrepreneurial capital and human capital are mixed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. See also: Armington and Acs (2002); Audretsch and Fritsch (1994); Garofoli (1994); Guesnier (1994); Keeble and Walker (1994).

  2. The difference in R 2 between the ‘total’ regression and the regressions when one factor group is deleted from this regression are as follows: agglomeration (−0.016), entrepreneurship capital (−0.024), human capital (−0.026), knowledge spillovers (−0.004), and geographical proximity (−0.056).

References

  • Acs, Z. J., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, D. B., & Carlsson, B. (2009). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 32, 15–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almus, M., Egeln, J., & Engel, D. (1999). Determinanten regionaler Unterschiede in der Gründungshäufigkeit wissensintensiver Dienstleister. Mannheim: Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Discussion Paper no. 99-22.

  • Alsleben, C. (2005). The downside of knowledge spillovers: An explanation for the dispersion of high-tech industries. Journal of Economics, 84(3), 217–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anselin, L., Varga, A., & Acs, Z. (2000a). Geographical spillovers and university research: A spatial econometric perspective. Growth and Change, 31(Fall), 501–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anselin, L., Varga, A., & Acs, Z. (2000b). Geographic and sectoral characteristics of academic knowledge externalities. Papers of Regional Science, 79(4), 435–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoyama, Y. (2009). Entrepreneurship and regional culture: The case of Hamamatsu and Kyoto, Japan. Regional Studies, 43(3), 495–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armington, C., & Acs, Z. J. (2002). The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation. Regional Studies, 36(1), 33–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arrow, K. (1962). Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for innovation. In R. Nelson (Ed.), The rate and direction of inventive activity (pp. 609–626). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B. (1998). Agglomeration and the location of innovative activity. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14(2), 18–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Feldman, M. P. (1996). R&D Spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. American Economic Review, 86(3), 630–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Fritsch, M. (1994). The geography of firm birth in Germany. Regional Studies, 28(4), 359–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., Grilo, I., & Thurik R. (2011). Globalization, entrepreneurship and the region. In M. Fritsch (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited (forthcoming).

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2004a). Does entrepreneurship capital matter? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(5), 419–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2004b). Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance. Regional Studies, 38(8), 949–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2005). Entrepreneurship capital and regional growth. The Annals of Regional Science, 39(3), 457–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2007). The localization of entrepreneurship capital: Evidence from Germany. Papers in Regional Science, 86(3), 351–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Warning, S. (2004). University spillovers: Does the kind of science matter? Industry and Innovation, 11(3), 193–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, R. (2001). What is new about the new economy: Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(1), 267–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, R. (2004). A model of the entrepreneurial economy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 2(2), 143–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Autant-Bernard, C. (2001). The geography of knowledge spillovers and technological proximity. Economy Innovation New Technology, 10, 237–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Autant-Bernard, C., Mangematin, V., & Massard, N. (2006). Creation of Biotech SMEs in France. Small Business Economics, 26(2), 173–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bade, F.-J., & Nerlinger, E. (2000). The spatial distribution of new technology-based firms: Empirical results for West-Germany. Papers of Regional Science, 79, 155–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartik, T. J. (2001). Small business start-ups in the United States: Estimates of the effects of characteristics of states. Southern Economic Journal, 55(4), 1004–1018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. S. (1994). Human capital. A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. Chicago: National Bureau of Economic Research. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellandi, M. (2001). Local development and embedded large firms. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 13, 189–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, C. (1995). Le système inter-administratif et SIRENE. Courrier des Statistiques, 75–76, 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross, F. (1997). The death of distance. London: Orion Business Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, B., Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Braunerhjelm, P. (2009). Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: A historical review. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(6), 1193–1229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carree, M. (2002). Does unemployment affect the number of establishments? A regional analysis for US states. Regional Studies, 36(4), 389–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cases, C., Favre, F., & François, J. P. (1999). L’innovation technologique dans les services aux entreprises. Le 4 Pages des Statistiques Industrielles, 105, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa Campi, M. T., Segarra Blasco, A., & Viladecans Marsal, E. (2004). The location of new firms and the life cycle of industries. Small Business Economics, 22(3–4), 265–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coucelis, H. (2004). Pizza over the internet: e-commerce, the fragmentation of activity and the tyranny of the region. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 16, 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, M. (1981). New firm formation and regional development. Farnborough, Hants: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, D., & Fier, A. (2000). Does R&D-infrastructure attract high-tech start-ups? Mannheim: Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Discussion Paper no. 00-30.

  • Evans, D. S., & Leighton, L. S. (1990). Small business formation by unemployed and employed workers. Small Business Economics, 2(4), 319–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, M. P. (2001). The entrepreneurial event revisited: Firm formation in a regional context. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 861–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M. M., & Varga, A. (2003). Spatial knowledge spillovers and university research. Annals of Regional Science, 37, 303–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florida, R., & Gates, G. (2001). Technology and tolerance: The importance of diversity to high-technology growth. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foti, A., & Vivarelli, M. (1994). An econometric test of the self-employment model: The case of Italy. Small Business Econonomics, 6(2), 81–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frenkel, A. (2001). Why high-technology firms choose to locate in or near metropolitan areas. Urban Studies, 38(7), 1083–1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freytag, A., & Thurik, R. (2007). Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17, 117–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch, M. (1992). Regional differences in new firm formation: Evidence from West Germany. Regional Studies, 26(3), 233–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch, M., & Niese, M. (2000). Der Einfluss der Branchenstruktur auf das Gründungsgeschehen - eine Analyse für die westdeutschen Raumordnungsregionen 1983–1997. Geographische Zeitschrift, 88, 234–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch, M., & Slavtchev, V. (2007). Universities and innovation in space. Industry and Innovation, 14(2), 201–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallié, E.-P. (2009). Is geographical proximity necessary for knowledge spillovers within a cooperative technological network? The case of the French biotechnology sector. Regional Studies, 43(1), 33–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Cabrera, A. M., & Garcia-Soto, M. (2008). Cultural differences and entrepreneurial behaviour: An intra-country cross-cultural analysis in Cape Verde. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(5), 451–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnsey, E., & Heffernan, P. (2005). High-technology clustering through spin-out and attraction: The Cambridge Case. Regional Studies, 39(8), 1127–1144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garofoli, G. (1994). New firm formation and regional development: The Italian case. Regional Studies, 28(4), 381–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgellis, Y., & Wall, H. J. (2000). What makes a region entrepreneurial? Evidence from Britain. Annals of Regional Science, 34, 385–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerfin, H. (1964). Gesamtwirtschaftliches Wachstum und regionale Entwicklung. Kyklos Internationale Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaften, 17(4), 565–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gertler, M. S. (2003). Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tacitness of being (there). Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 75–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, B. A., McDougall, P. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (2008). Clusters, knowledge spillovers and new venture performance: An empirical examination. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(4), 405–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaeser, E., Kallal, H., Scheinkman, J., & Shleifer, A. (1992). Growth of cities. Journal of Political Economy, 100(6), 1126–1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gnyawali, D., & Fogel, D. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: Key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 18(4), 43–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S. (2001). Information technologies and reconfiguration of urban space. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(2), 405–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guesnier, B. (1994). Regional variation in new firm formation in France. Regional Studies, 28, 347–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heitzmann, R., & Rouquette, C. (1999). Les technologies de l’information et de la communication. INSEE Première, 648, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinz, T., & Jungbauer-Gans, M. (1999). Starting a business after unemployment: Characteristics and chance of success (empirical evidence from a regional German labour market). Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11, 317–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huffmann, D., & Quigley, J. M. (2002). The role of universities in attracting high tech entrepreneurship: A Silicon Valley tale. Annals of Regional Science, 36, 403–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isard, W. (1960). Methods of regional analysis: An introduction to regional science. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. (1969). The economy of cities. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanisson, B. (1998). Personal networks in emerging knowledge-based firms: spatial and functional patterns. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 10, 297–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. (2004). Differences in regional firm formation rates: A decomposition analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(5), 431–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. S., & Conway, C. (1997). How good are VAT registration data at measuring firm birth? Small Business Economics, 9(5), 403–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. S., & Parker, S. (1996). Spatial variations in the determinants and effects of firm births and deaths. Regional Studies, 30(7), 679–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Evans, D., & Thompson, P. (2009). The spatial dispersion of informal investment at a regional level: Evidence from the UK. European Planning Studies, 17(5), 660–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kangasharju, A. (2000). Regional variations in firm formation: Panel and cross-section data evidence from Finland. Papers of Regional Science, 79, 355–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeble, D., & Walker, S. (1994). New firms, small firms and dead firms: Spatial patterns and determinants in the United Kingdom. Regional Studies, 28, 411–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, J. H., & Ghani, J. A. (2004). Clusters and entrepreneurship: Implications for innovation in a developing economy. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 221–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinbaum, D. G., Lawrence, K. E., Muller, K. E., & Nizam, A. (1998). Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. New York: Duxbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, P. (1991a). History and industry location: The case of the manufacturing belt. American Economic Review, 81(2), 80–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, P. (1991b). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, P. (1998). Space: The final frontier. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), 161–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasch, F. (2003). Les technologies de l’information et de la communication en Languedoc-Roussillon. Des besoins spécifiques pour une filière jeune à forte intensité de création. INSEE Repères-Synthèse pour l’économie du Languedoc-Roussillon, 1, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasch, F. (2005). Le secteur TIC en France: delimitation, localization et creation d’entreprises. Gestion 2000, 6(5), 221–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasch, F., Gundolf, K., & Kraus, S. (2007a). The impact of unemployment on entrepreneurship: Empirical evidence from France. International Journal of Business Research, 7(2), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasch, F., Le Roy, F., & Yami, S. (2007b). Critical growth factors of ICT start-ups. Management Decision, 45(1), 62–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le, A. T. (1999). Empirical studies of self-employment. Journal of Economic Surveys, 13(4), 381–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. Y., Florida, R., & Gates G. (2002). Innovation, human capital, and creativity. Software Industry Working Paper, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.

  • Lee, S. Y., Florida, R., & Acs, Z. (2004). Creativity and entrepreneurship: A regional analysis of new firm formation. Regional Studies, 38(8), 879–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leitão, J., Lasch, F., & Thurik, R. (2011). Globalisation, entrepreneurship and regional environment. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 12(2), 129–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books (Reprint).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meri, T. (2007). L’emploi régional dans les secteurs de la haute technologie. L’Ile-de-France en tête. Eurostat - Science et Technologie, Statistiques en Bref, 102, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meusburger, P. (2000). The spatial concentration of knowledge. Some theoretical considerations. Erdkunde, 54, 352–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriset, B. (2003). The new economy in the city: Emergence and location factors of internet-based companies in the metropolitan area of Lyon, France. Urban Studies, 40(11), 2165–2186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nijkamp, P. (2003). Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Regional Studies, 37(4), 395–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nijkamp, P., & Poot, J. (1998). Spatial perspectives on new theories of economic growth. Annals of Regional Science, 32, 7–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Gorman, C., Bourke, S., & Murray, J. A. (2005). The nature of managerial work in small growth-orientated businesses. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okamuro, H., & Kobayashi, N. (2006). The impact of regional factors on the start-up ratio in Japan. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 310–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onsager, K., Isaksen, A., Fraas, M., & Johnstad, T. (2007). Technologial cities in Norway: Innovating in glocal networks. European Planning Studies, 15(4), 549–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E. (1990). The comparative advantage of nations. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, November/December, 77–90.

  • Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2001). Innovation: Location matters. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42, 28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P., Miller, B., & Maki, W. R. (1995). Explaining regional variation in business births ans deaths: U.S. 1976–1988. Small Business Economics, 7(5), 386–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P., Storey, D. J., & Westhead, P. (1994). Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates. Regional Studies, 28(4), 443–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, M. J., & Cotrell, T. J. (2007). Investment patterns of informal investors in the Alberta private equity market. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(1), 47–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, P. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, P. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rouquette, C. (1999). Les statistiques des TIC. Courrier des Statistiques, 89, 43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxenian, A. (1999). Silicon Valley’s new immigrant entrepreneurs. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmude, J. (1994). Geförderte Unternehmensgründungen in Baden-Württemberg. Eine Analyse der regionalen Unterschiede des Existenzgründungsgeschehens am Beispiel des Eigenkapitalhilfe-Programms (1979–1989). Stuttgart: Erdkundliches Wissen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmude, J., & Leiner, R. (1999). Zur Messung des Unternehmensgründungsgeschehens: theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Befunde. In L.v. Rosenstiel & T. Lang-von-Wins (Eds.), Existenzgründung und Unternehmertum (pp. 109–128). Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, R.G., & Teach, R.D. (2000). Entrepreneurship research: an empirical perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Spring, 77-81.

  • Scott, A. (2006). Entrepreneurship, innovation and industrial development: Geography and the creative field revisited. Small Business Economics, 26(1), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smallbone, D., Kitching, J., & Athayade, R. (2010). Ethnic diversity, entrepreneurship and competitiveness in a global city. International Small Business Journal, 28(2), 174–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Souter, D. (2004). ICTs and economic growth in developing countries. OECD Development Co-operation Directorate - The Development Assistance Committee Journal, 5(4), 11–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, D. J. (1991). The birth of new firms—does unemployment matter: A review of evidence. Small Business Economics, 3, 167–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storper, M., & Venables, A. J. (2004). Buzz: face to face contact and the urban economy. Journal of Economic Geography, 4, 351–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suire, R. (2003). Stratégies de localisation des firmes du secteur TIC: du cyber district au district lisière. Géographie Economie Société, 5(3–4), 379–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thurik, A. R., Carree, M. A., van Stel, A., & Audretsch, D. B. (2008). Does self-employment reduce unemployment? Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 673–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tödling, F., & Wanzenböck, H. (2003). Regional differences in structural characteristics of start-ups. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 15, 351–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torre, A. (2008). On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission. Regional Studies, 42(6), 869–889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Panne, G. (2004). Agglomeration externalities: Marshall versus Jacobs. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14, 593–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varamäki, E., & Veslainen, J. (2003). Modelling different types of multi-lateral co-operation between SMEs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 15, 27–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, R. (2002). An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship: Policies, institutions and culture. In D. B. Audretsch, R. Thurik, I. Verheul, & S. Wennekers (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: Determinants and policy in a European-US comparison (pp. 11–81). Boston, MA: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente, J., & Suire, R. (2007). Informational cascades versus network externalities in locational choice: Evidence of ‘ICT clusters’ formation and stability. Regional Studies, 41(2), 173–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (1999). Contributions of novice, portfolio and serial founders located in rural and urban areas. Regional Studies, 33, 157–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weterings, A., & Ponds, R. (2009). Do regional and non-regional knowledge flows differ? An empirical study on clustered firms in the Dutch life sciences and computing services industry. Industry and Innovation, 16(1), 11–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Earlier versions of this study were presented at the European and International Council of Small Business (ECSB, ICSB) conferences and the Association Information and Management (AIM) information systems conference. We would also like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their efforts in improving our work. The authors are members of the Labex Entrepreneurship, Montpellier, France. This ‘laboratory of excellence’ is part of a French government fund recognizing and promoting performing research initiatives in human and natural sciences. Frank Lasch holds also the chair ‘Entrepreneurship & Innovation’ of the Labex initiative.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier Business School, Montpellier Research in Management, 2300, Avenue des Moulins, 34185, Montpellier Cedex 4, France

    Frank Lasch, Frank Robert & Frédéric Le Roy

  2. University of Montpellier, Espace Richter, Bât. E, Rue Vendémiaire – CS 19519, 34960, Montpellier Cedex 2, France

    Frédéric Le Roy

Authors
  1. Frank Lasch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frank Robert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Frédéric Le Roy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank Lasch.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lasch, F., Robert, F. & Le Roy, F. Regional determinants of ICT new firm formation. Small Bus Econ 40, 671–686 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9382-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9382-z

Keywords

JEL Classifications

Search

Navigation