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Language of instruction and student performance: new insights from research in Tanzania and South Africa

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Abstract

This article, drawing on a set of studies conducted in the framework of the Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa (LOITASA) research project, shows how well African students express themselves if they are allowed to use a familiar African language, and conversely the difficulties they have when forced to use a foreign language, a language they hardly hear and never use outside of school, as a language of instruction. A key finding of the research is that when the foreign language, English in this case, is used, there is a much larger spread in test performance between students. This means that a small group of students succeed while the vast majority sinks. The author therefore argues for working towards a goal whereby African children like children in industrialized countries may study in their own language. Pursuing this goal should be a centrepiece in poverty reduction strategies.

Résumé

LANGUE D’INSTRUCTION ET RÉSULTATS SCOLAIRES Cet article illustre la situation des Élèves en Afrique par des exemples concrets empruntÉs à un projet de recherche portant sur la langue d’instruction en Tanzanie et en Afrique du Sud. Les exemples montrent que les Étudiants africains s’expriment bien si on leur permet d’employer une langue africaine familière. En outre, les exemples soulignent les difficultÉs que les Étudiants africains rencontrent quand ils sont contraints d’employer une langue Étrangère, une langue qu’ils n’entendent pratiquement pas et n’emploient jamais en dehors de l’École comme langue d’instruction. Les exemples montrent de plus que lorsqu’on utilise une langue Étrangère, l’anglais en l’occurence, l’Écart se creuse entre les Étudiants en ce qui concerne leurs performances durant les Épreuves. Ceci signifie qu’un petit groupe d’Étudiants, dotÉs de parents fortunÉs pouvant leur fournir des ressources supplÉmentaires et des cours particuliers, surnagera dans le système, tandis que les masses restantes y feront naufrage. Cette situation contribue davantage à l’allourdissement de la pauvretÉ pour les masses qu’à son allègement. Une Éducation de qualitÉ ne peut faire l’objet d’une discussion sans que ne soit pris en compte sÉrieusement le problème de la langue d’instruction et sans qu’on ne travaille à rÉaliser un objectif grâce auquel les enfants africains, comme les enfants des pays industrialisÉs, pourront Étudier dans leur propre langue.

Zusammenfassung

UNTERRICHTSSPRACHE UND SCHULISCHE LEISTUNGEN – Dieser Artikel befasst sich auf der Grundlage eines Forschungsprojekts zur Unterrichtssprache in Tansania und Südafrika mit konkreten Beispielen zur Unterrichtssituation von Schülern in Afrika. Die Beispiele belegen eine gute Ausdrucksfähigkeit afrikanischer Schüler, solange sie die ihnen vertraute afrikanische Sprache benutzen. Darüberhinaus belegen die Beispiele die Schwierigkeiten, die entstehen, wenn afrikanische Schüler im Unterricht zum Gebrauch einer Fremdsprache gezwungen werden, die sie außerhalb der Schule kaum hören und nie selbst benutzen. Die Beispiele zeigen ferner, dass beim Gebrauch einer Fremdsprache, in diesem Fall des Englischen, die Prüfungsleistungen der Schüler viel stärker voneinander abweichen: Eine kleine Gruppe von Schülern mit wohlhabenden Eltern, die sich Sonderunterstützung und Nachhilfe leisten können, durchschwimmt das System, während die verbleibende große Menge untergeht. Diese Situation verstärkt die Massenarmut noch, anstatt sie zu lindern. Man kann nicht über Bildungsqualität diskutieren, ohne die Frage der Unterrichtssprache ernst zu nehmen und auf ein Ziel hinzuarbeiten, das es afrikanischen Kindern ermöglicht, genau wie Kinder in Industrieländern in ihrer eigenen Sprache zu lernen.

Resumen

LA LENGUA DE LA ENSEÑANZA Y EL RENDIMIENTO DE LOS ESTUDIANTES – Este artículo nos hace ver la situación que viven los alumnos en las aulas de escuelas de África, mediante ejemplos concretos tomados de un proyecto de investigación que se ocupa de la lengua de la instrucción en Tanzanía y SudÁfrica. Los ejemplos muestran cuÁn bien se expresan los estudiantes africanos cuando se les permite usar la lengua africana que les es familiar. AdemÁs, los ejemplos ponen de relieve las dificultades que tienen estudiantes africanos cuando se los obliga a usar una lengua extranjera, un idioma que apenas escuchan y jamÁs usan fuera de la escuela, donde es la lengua de la enseÑanza. AdemÁs, estos ejemplos muestran que cuando se usa la lengua extranjera (en este caso, el inglés), existe una brecha mucho mÁs amplia entre los resultados de pruebas que presentan los estudiantes. En consecuencia, un pequeÑo grupo de estudiantes de familias acomodadas, cuyos padres disponen de recursos para brindarles un apoyo extraescolar, saldrÁn a flote en este sistema, mientras que la gran mayoría restante se hundirÁ. Esta situación contribuye a aumentar la pobreza de las masas, en lugar de aliviar su situación. No se puede debatir sobre la calidad en la educación sin tener en cuenta seriamente el tema de la lengua de enseÑanza y perseguir el objetivo de que también los niÑos africanos, al igual que los niÑos de los países industrializados, puedan estudiar en su propia lengua.

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Brock-Utne, B. Language of instruction and student performance: new insights from research in Tanzania and South Africa. Int Rev Educ 53, 509–530 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-007-9065-9

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