Skip to main content
Log in

Tullock on motivated inquiry: expert-induced uncertainty disguised as risk

  • Published:
Public Choice Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gordon Tullock denied scientific status to economics because economists can trade results with the subject of our analysis. We suppose this trading to be the fate of all disciplines in which the results have consequences for well-being of those studied. Non-transparent trading in a statistical context gives no reason to believe that the sampling distribution of the estimates will be what it is believed to be. This false belief turns risk to uncertainty. Taking trading between experts and subjects as inevitable, we ask if the trade is fair. When scientific unanimity fails, can Rawlsian unanimity replace it?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Statistical Association (1999). Guidelines for professional practice. http://amstat.org/about/ethicalguidelines.cfm. Accessed 5 January 2011.

  • Beveridge, W. H. (1953). Power and influence. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, B. (2008). Gordon Tullock’s The organization of inquiry: a critical appraisal. Public Choice, 135, 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, L. ([1871] 1990). Through the looking-glass and what Alice found there. In M. Gardner (Ed.), More annotated Alice. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Congleton, R. D. (2004). The political economy of Gordon Tullock. Public Choice, 121, 213–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin, B. (2006). Popper’s conception of the rationality principle in the social sciences. In I. Jarvie, K. Milford & D. Miller (Eds.), Karl Popper: a centenary assessment (Vol. III, pp. 209–218). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, A. M. (2008). The economics of science. In S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume (Eds.), The new Palgrave dictionary of economics online. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000222. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feigenbaum, S. K., & Levy, D. M. (1996). The technological obsolescence of scientific fraud. Rationality and Society, 8, 261–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, N. (2011). Too big to live? Why we must stamp out state monopoly capitalism. The Adam Smith Review, 6, 327–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, S. (2000). Thomas Kuhn: a philosophical history for our time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hands, D. W. ([1994] 2002). The sociology of scientific knowledge: some thoughts on the possibilities. In P. Mirowski & E.-M. Sent (Eds.), Science bought and sold: essays in the economics of science (pp. 515–548). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. (1995). Could gambling save? Encouraging an honest consensus. Social Epistemology, 9, 3–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbes, T. ([1651] 1968). Leviathan. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvie, I. C. (2001). The Republic of science: the emergence of Popper’s social view of science 1935–1945. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, F. H. ([1921] 1971). Risk, uncertainty and profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagueux, M. (2006). Popper and the rationality principle. In I. Jarvie, K. Milford & D. Miller (Eds.), Karl Popper: a centenary assessment (Vol. III, pp. 197–208). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemmon, E. J. (1959). Is there only one correct system of modal logic? Proceedings of the Aristotlian Society, 33, 23–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., & Peart, S. J. (2007a). Counterfeiting truth: statistical reporting on the basis of trust. In A.-V. Pietarinen (Ed.), Game theory and linguistic meaning (pp. 39–48). Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., & Peart, S. J. (2007b). Sympathetic bias. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 17, 265–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., & Peart, S. J. (2008a). George J. Stigler. In S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume (Eds.), The new Palgrave dictionary of economics online. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000222. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., & Peart, S. J. (2008b). Inducing greater transparency: towards the establishment of ethical rules for econometrics. Eastern Economic Journal, 34, 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., & Peart, S. J. (2009). The place of factions. In J. Young (Ed.), The Elgar Companion to Adam Smith (pp. 335–345). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., & Peart, S. J. (2010). Richard Whately and the gospel of transparency. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 69, 166–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., & Peart, S. J. (2011). Soviet growth and American textbooks: an endogenous past. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 78, 110–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longfield, M. ([1834] 1971). Lectures on political economy. New York: Augustus Kelly.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machiavelli, N. ([1531] 1996). Discourses on Livy. H. C. Mansfield & N. Tarcov (Trans. & Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machlup, F. ([1969] 1978). If matter could talk. In Methodology of economics and other social sciences (pp. 309–332). New York: Academic Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäki, U. (1999). Science as a free market: a reflexivity test in an economics of economics. Prospectives on Science, 7, 486–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J. S. ([1843] 2006). A system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive. In J. M. Robson (Ed.), Collected works of John Stuart Mill (Vols. 7–8). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J. S. ([1848] 1965). The principles of political economy with some of their applications to social philosophy. In J. M. Robson (Ed.), Collected works of John Stuart Mill (Vols. 2–3). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosteller, F., & Tukey, J. W. (1977). Data analysis and regression: a second course in statistics. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peart, S. J., & Levy, D. M. (2005). The “vanity of the philosopher”: From equality to hierarchy in post-classical economics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peart, S. J., & Levy, D. M. (2008a). Introduction to the symposium on ethics. Eastern Economic Journal, 34, 101–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peart, S. J., & Levy, D. M. (2008b). Discussion, construction and evolution: Mill, Buchanan and Hayek on the constitutional order. Constitutional Political Economy, 19, 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peart, S. J., & Levy, D. M. (2008c). The Buchanan-Rawls correspondence. In S. J. Peart & D. M. Levy (Eds.), The street porter and the philosopher: conversations on analytical egalitarianism (pp. 397–415). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M., ([1958] 1964). Personal knowledge. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. (1962). The republic of science: its political and economic theory. Minerva, 1, 54–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. R. ([1934] 1959). The logic of scientific discovery. J. Freed & L. Freed (Trans.). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. R. (1944). The poverty of historicism. Economica, n. s., 11, 86–103, 119–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. R. ([1967] 1994). Models, instruments, and truth: the status of the rationality principle in the social sciences. In M. A. Notturno (Ed.), The myth of the framework: in defense of science and rationality (pp. 154–184). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prior, A. N. (1955). Formal logic. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, L. ([1932] 1935). An essay on the nature and significance of economic science (2nd ed. revised and extended). London: Macmillan & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Securities and Exchange Commission (1994). Concept release: nationally recognized statistical rating agencies. August 31. http://www.sec.gov/rules/concept/34-34616.pdf. Accessed 5 January 2010.

  • Smith, A. ([1776] 1976). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. W. B. Todd (Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stigler, G. J. (1988). Memoirs of an unregulated economist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tullock, G. ([1966] 2005). The organization of inquiry. In C. K. Rowley (Ed.), Selected works of Gordon Tullock (Vol. 3). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tullock, G. (1980). Trials on trial: the pure theory of legal procedure. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegman, E. J., Scott, J. D., & Said, Y. (2008). Ad hoc committee report on the ‘hockey stick’ global climate reconstruction. http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/WegmanReport.Pdf. Accessed 5 January 2011.

  • Whewell, W. ([1844] 1860). On the fundamental antithesis of philosophy. In On the philosophy of discovery, chapters historical and critical (pp. 462–481). London: John Parker.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, K. J. (2006). Shazam 10 (SP 1). Vancouver: Shazam Econometrics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wible, J. (1998). The economics of science: methodology and epistemology as if economics really mattered. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahar, E. G. (1983). The Popper-Lakatos controversy in the light of Die Beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 34, 149–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelder, M. (2008). Why the con hasn’t been taken out of economics. Eastern Economic Journal, 34, 115–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David M. Levy.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Levy, D.M., Peart, S.J. Tullock on motivated inquiry: expert-induced uncertainty disguised as risk. Public Choice 152, 163–180 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9858-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9858-z

Keywords

JEL Classification

Navigation