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Oceanic Rossby waves induced by the meridional shift of the ITCZ in association with ENSO events

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Abstract

This study investigated the eastern Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as an atmospheric forcing to the ocean by using various observed and reanalysis data sets over 29 years. Climatologically, a zonal band of positive wind stress curl (WSC) with a 10° meridional width was exhibited along the ITCZ. A southward shift of the positive WSC band during the El Niño phase induced a negative (positive) WSC anomaly along the northern (southern) portion of the ITCZ, and vice versa during the La Niña phase. This meridional dipole accounted for more than 25 % of interannual variances of the WSC anomalies (WSCAs), based on analysis of the period 1993–2008. The negative (positive) WSCA in the northern portion of the ITCZ during the El Niño (La Niña) phase was collocated with a positive (negative) sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) that propagated westward as a Rossby wave all the way to the western North Pacific. This finding indicates that this off-equatorial Rossby wave is induced by the WSCA around the ITCZ. Our analysis of a 1.5-layer reduced gravity model revealed that the Rossby waves are mostly explained by wind stress forcing, rather than by reflection of an equatorial Kelvin wave on the eastern coastal boundary. The off-equatorial Rossby wave had the same SSHA polarity as the equatorial Kelvin wave, and generation of a phase-preserving Rossby wave without the Kelvin wave reflection was explained by meridional movement of the ITCZ. Thus, the ITCZ acts as an atmospheric bridge that connects the equatorial and off-equatorial oceanic waves.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the editor (Dr. Tomoki Tozuka) and two anonymous reviewers who provided fruitful comments to improve the manuscript. The satellite altimeter data was provided by the AVISO; the wind stress data by the ECMWF; the IR data, the climatological T/S profiles and the Niño 3.4 index by the NOAA; and the SST data by the Met Office Hadley Centre. We would like to thank all the data providers.

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Correspondence to Hiroto Abe.

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Abe, H., Tanimoto, Y., Hasegawa, T. et al. Oceanic Rossby waves induced by the meridional shift of the ITCZ in association with ENSO events. J Oceanogr 70, 165–174 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-014-0220-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-014-0220-1

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