Abstract
The wear of as-cast eutectic Al–Si was studied using pin-on-disk tribotests in two different environments, air and dry argon. The counterface in all tests was yttria-stabilized zirconia. It was found that wear of the Al–Si was reduced by about 60% by the removal of oxygen from the test environment. The zirconia counterfaces showed measurable wear after tests performed in air, while there was very little wear of the zirconia for tests conducted under argon. The near-surface regions of the Al–Si pins were examined using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), using specimens produced by focussed ion beam milling. The specimens that had been worn in air were characterized by a near-surface mechanically mixed layer containing a considerable amount of both aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide—the aluminum oxide particles had evidently acted as abrasive agents to remove material from the zirconia counterface. In contrast, TEM analysis of the Al–Si tested in argon showed little zirconium oxide in the near-surface regions.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) grant CMMI-0651642. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of the NSF or the U.S. Government. We would like to acknowledge the help of Dr. Charles Daghlian and Michael Gwaze.
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Appendix: Calculation of contact area and contact temperature
Appendix: Calculation of contact area and contact temperature
Contact of stationary Al–Si pin with moving Zirconia disk
Operating conditions:
Normal load w = 23 N | Sliding velocity V = 1 m/s |
Friction coefficient (measured) μ = 0.4 | Pin radius R pin = 4.75 mm |
Material properties (* measured, remainder from [22])
Al–Si (material 2) | Zirconia (material 1) | |
---|---|---|
H Hardness (GPa) | 0.462* | 14 |
E Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | 70* | 290 |
ρ Density (kg/m3) | 2654* | 6100 |
ν Poisson’s ratio | 0.33 | 0.24 |
K Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) | 140 | 1.8 |
C Specific heat (Nm/kg K) | 630 |
Contact Geometry (assuming Hertzian contact [21])
Using 2 and 3 and operating parameters in 1 find the contact radius
Contact Temperature rise (following methodology of [24])
Assume stationary Al–Si pin (material 2) and moving flat Zirconia disk (material 2)
and
Using 5, 6, 7, and the material properties (above) in 5, find the peak contact temperature rise (above room temperature) ΔT max = 200 °C.
This is the temperature rise due to frictional heating for the Hertzian contact. Given that the tests were conducted at room temperature (about 25 °C), the surface temperature at the center of the Hertzian contact area was thus at least T max = 225 °C.
It should be noted that the temperature analysis outlined above gives a relatively conservative estimate of the contact temperature at the interface between the hemispherically shaped Al–Si pin and the flat zirconia disk, since a single Hertzian (elastic) contact was assumed. The contacting material within the Hertzian contact region on the stationary Al–Si pin would remain at an elevated temperature for a substantial period of time, allowing plenty of time for oxidation to occur, even at 225 °C [8]. In the actual contact, it is probable that at any instant the real area of contact within the Hertzian region consisted of a finite number of concentrated asperity-level contacts. The peak contact temperature rise could be considerably higher at localized asperity contacts, but these would be of shorter duration (flash temperature rise).
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Baker, I., Sun, Y., Kennedy, F.E. et al. Dry sliding wear of eutectic Al–Si. J Mater Sci 45, 969–978 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-4027-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-4027-1