Abstract
In recent years the pace of research on the late prehistoric Mississippian societies of eastern North America has accelerated. New data, methods, and theoretical goals are changing perspectives in Mississippian archaeology. Regional overviews and site syntheses provide unprecedented insights into the Mississippian phenomenon at local, regional, and continental scales. Traditional culture history, processualism, historical processualism, iconography, and neo-Darwinian archaeology are active theoretical orientations. Important research focuses on variability in Mississippian sociopolitical formations over time, organizational diversity among contemporaneous societies, and sources of political power. The new historicism and iconography place agency, identity, origins, factionalism, ideology, and meaning at the center of culture change, while many processualists continue to focus on developmental histories, economy, and control of material resources. Advances in physical and chemical analyses and the availability of remote sensing techniques are changing how Mississippian archaeology is conducted and expanding the kinds of data that are recovered. These diverse interests, methods, and goals have created considerable eclecticism in Mississippian archaeology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References cited
Alt, S. M. (1999). Spindle whorls and fiber production at early Cahokia. Southeastern Archaeology 18: 124–134.
Alt, S. M. (2002). Identities, traditions, and diversity in Cahokia’s uplands. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 27: 217–236.
Alt, S. M. (2006). The power of diversity: The roles of migration and hybridity in culture change. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 289–308.
Anderson, D. G. (1994). The Savannah River Chiefdoms, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Anderson, D. G. (1999). Examining chiefdoms in the Southeast: An application of multiscalar analysis. In Neitzel, J. E. (ed.), Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 215–241.
Barker, A. W., Skinner, C. E., Shackley, M. S., Glascock, M. D., and Rodgers, J. D. (2002). Mesoamerican origin for an obsidian scraper from the precolumbian southeastern United States. American Antiquity 67: 103–108.
Beck, R. A., Jr. (2006). Persuasive politics and domination at Cahokia and Moundville. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 19–42.
Beck, R. A., Jr., Bolender, D. J., Brown, J. A., and Earle, T. K. (2007). Eventful archaeology: The place of space in structural transformation. Current Anthropology 48: 833–860.
Beehr, D., and Ambrose, S. H. (2007). Were they what they cooked? Stable isotopic analysis of Mississippian pottery residues. In Twiss, K. C. (ed.), The Archaeology of Food and Identity, Occasional Paper No. 34, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 171–191.
Bense, J. A. (1994). Archaeology of the Southeastern United States: Paleoindian to World War I, Academic Press, New York.
Benson, L. V., Berry, M. S., Jolie, E. A., Spangler, J. D., Stahle, D. W., and Hattori, E. M. (2007). Possible impacts of early 11th-, middle 12th-, and late 13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians. Quarternary Science Reviews 26: 336–350.
Bhabha, H. K. (1990). The third space. In Rutherford, J. (ed.), Identity, Community Culture, Difference, Lawrence and Wishart, London, pp. 207–221.
Birmingham, R. A., and Goldstein, L. G. (2005). Aztalan: Mysteries of an Ancient Indian Town, Wisconsin Historical Society Press, Madison.
Blanton, D. B., and Gresham, T. H. (2007). An experimental perspective on Mississippian small pole structures. In Lacquement, C. H. (ed.), Architectural Variability in the Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 32–72.
Blanton, R. E., Feinman, G. M., Kowalewski, S. A., and Peregrine, P. N. (1996). A dual-processual theory for the evolution of Mesoamerican civilization. Current Anthropology 37: 1–14.
Blitz, J. H. (1993). Ancient Chiefdoms of the Tombigbee, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Blitz, J. H. (1999). Mississippian chiefdoms and the fission-fusion process. American Antiquity 64: 577–592.
Blitz, J. H. (2008). Moundville, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Blitz, J. H., and Livingood, P. (2004). Sociopolitical implications of Mississippian mound volume. American Antiquity 69: 291–301.
Blitz, J. H., and Lorenz, K. G. (2002). The early Mississippian frontier in the Lower Chattahoochee-Apalachicola River valley. Southeastern Archaeology 21: 117–135.
Blitz, J. H., and Lorenz, K. G. (2006). The Chattahoochee Chiefdoms, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Bonghage-Freund, M. T. (2005). An experimental approach to the analysis of two maize cob-filled features from Etowah (9BR1). Early Georgia 33: 131–141.
Boszhardt, R. F. (2004). The Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian component at the Ira site, La Crosse County, Wisconsin, in the driftless area of the upper Mississippi River Valley. The Minnesota Archaeologist 63: 60–85.
Boudreaux, E. A. (2007). The Archaeology of Town Creek, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Brainard, J. (2007). Report charts decline in NSF grant application success. Chronicle of Higher Education, September 9.
Brown, I. W. (1994). Recent trends in the archaeology of the southeastern United States. Journal of Archaeological Research 2: 45–111.
Brown, I. W. (2004). Prehistory of the Gulf Coastal Plain after 500 B.C. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 574–585.
Brown, I. W. (2008). Culture contact along the I-69 corridor. In Rafferty, J., and Peacock, E. (eds.), Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 344–394.
Brown, J. A. (2004a). Exchange and interaction until 1500. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 677–685.
Brown, J. A. (2004b). The Cahokian expression: Creating court and cult. In Townsend, R. F. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 105–123.
Brown, J. A. (2006). Where’s the power in mound building? An Eastern Woodlands perspective. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 197–213.
Brown, J. A. (2007). On the identity of the birdman within Mississippian period art. In Reilly, F. K., III, and Garber, J. (eds.), Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, Vol. I, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 56–106.
Brumfiel, E. (1992). Distinguished lecture: Breaking and entering the ecosystem: Gender, class, and faction steal the show. American Anthropologist 94: 551–567.
Bunzi, M. (2008). The quest for anthropological relevance: Borgesian maps and epistemological pitfalls. American Anthropologist 110: 53–60.
Bush, L. L. (2004). Boundary Conditions: Macrobotanical Remains and the Oliver Phase of Central Indiana, A.D. 1200–1450, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Byers, A. M. (2006). Cahokia: A World Renewal Cult Heterarchy, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Cabrera, P. D. (2005). Moundbuilders along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern United States. In White, N. M. (ed.), Gulf Coast Archaeology: The Southeastern United States and Mexico, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 87–107.
Caldwell, J. (1958). Trend and Tradition in the Prehistory of the Eastern United States, Memoir 88, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.
Clay, R. B. (2006). Interpreting the Mississippian hinterlands. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 48–64.
Cobb, C. R. (2000). From Quarry to Corn Field: The Political Economy of Mississippian Hoe Production, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Cobb, C. R. (2003). Mississippian chiefdoms: How complex? Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 63–84.
Cobb, C. R., and Butler, B. M. (2006). Mississippian migration and emplacement in the Lower Ohio Valley. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 328–347.
Cobb, C. R., and King, A. (2005). Re-inventing Mississippian tradition at Etowah, Georgia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12: 167–192.
Cobb, C. R., Maymon, J., and McGuire, R. H. (1999). Feathered, horned, and antlered serpents: Mesoamerican connections with the Southwest and the Southeast. In Neitzel, J. E. (ed.), Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 165–181.
Cook, R. A. (2008). SunWatch: Fort Ancient Development in the Mississippian World, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Cook, R. A., and Fargher, L. F. (2007). Fort Ancient/Mississippian interaction and shell tempered pottery at the SunWatch site. Journal of Field Archaeology 32: 1–12.
Dalan, R. A., Holley, G. R., Woods, W., and Koepke, J. A. (2003). Envisioning Cahokia: A Landscape Perspective, Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb.
Delaney-Rivera, C. (2007). Examining interaction and identity in prehistory: Mortuary vessels from the Schild cemetery. North American Archaeologist 28: 295–331.
DeMarris, E., Castillo, L. J., and Earle, T. (1996). Ideology, materialization, and power strategies. Current Anthropology 37: 15–31.
Descantes, C., Creel, D., Speakman, R. J., Wilson, S., and Glascock, M. D. (2004). Instrumental neutron activation analysis of pottery from the George C. Davis (41CE19) site, Texas. North American Archaeologist 25: 121–138.
Diamond, J. M. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Viking, New York.
Diaz-Granados, C., and Duncan, J. R. (eds.) (2004). The Rock Art of Eastern North America: Capturing Images and Insight, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Dunnell, R. C. (1990). The role of the southeast in American archaeology. Southeastern Archaeology 9: 11–22.
Dunnell, R. C. (2008). Archaeological things: Languages of observation. In Rafferty, J., and Peacock, E. (eds.), Time’s River: Archaeological syntheses from the lower Mississippi Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 45–68.
Dye, D. H. (2004). Art, ritual, and chiefly warfare in the Mississippian world. In Townsend, R. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 191–205.
Dye, D. H. (ed.) (2008). Cave Archaeology of the Eastern Woodlands: Essays in Honor of Patty Jo Watson, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Earle, T. (1997). How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
Earle, T. (2004). Culture matters in the Neolithic transition and emergence of hierarchy in Thy, Denmark: Distinguished Lecture. American Anthropologist 106: 111–125.
Early, A. M. (2004). Prehistory of the western interior after 500 B. C. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 560–573.
Emerson, T. E. (1997). Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Emerson, T. E. (2007). Cahokia and the evidence for late Pre-Columbian war in the North American mid-continent. In Chacon, R. J., and Mendoza, R. G. (eds.), North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 129–148.
Emerson, T. E., and Girard, J. S. (2004). Dating Gahagan and its implications for understanding Cahokia-Caddo interactions. Southeastern Archaeology 23: 57–64.
Emerson, T. E., and Pauketat, T. R. (2002). Embodying power and resistance at Cahokia. In O’Donovan, M. (ed.), The Dynamics of Power, Occasional Paper No. 30, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 105–125.
Emerson, T. E., Hughes, R. E., Hynes, M. R., and Wisseman, S. U. (2003). The sourcing and interpretation of Cahokia-style figurines in the Trans-Mississippi South and Southeast. American Antiquity 68: 287–313.
Emerson, T. E., Hedman, K., and Simon, M. (2005). Marginal horticulturalists or maize agriculturalists? Archaeobotanical, paleopathological, and isotopic evidence relating to Langford Tradition maize consumption. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30: 67–118.
Feathers, J. K. (2006). Explaining shell-tempered pottery in prehistoric Eastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 13: 89–133.
Feathers, J. K. (2008). Absolute dating in the Mississippi Delta. In Rafferty, J., and Peacock, E. (eds.), Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 168–181.
Feinman, G. M., and Nicholas, L. M. (2004). Unraveling the prehispanic highland Mesoamerican economy: Production, exchange, and consumption in the Classic period Valley of Oaxaca. In Feinman, G. M., and Nicholas, L. M. (eds.), Archaeological Perspectives on Political Economies, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 167–188.
Fisher-Carroll, R., and Mainfort, R. C., Jr. (2000). Late prehistoric mortuary behavior at Upper Nodena. Southeastern Archaeology 19: 105–119.
Galloway, P. (1995). Choctaw Genesis 1500–1700, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Griffin, J. B. (1967). Eastern North American archaeology: A summary. Science 156: 175–191.
Hally, D. J. (1996). Platform-mound construction and the instability of Mississippian chiefdoms. In Scarry, J. F. (ed.), Political Structure and Change in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 92–127.
Hally, D. J. (2006). The nature of Mississippian regional systems. In Pluckhahn, T. J., and Ethridge, R. (eds.), Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 26–42.
Hally, D. J. (2008). King: The Social Archaeology of a Late Mississippian Town in Northwestern Georgia, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Hally, D. J., and Mainfort, R. C., Jr. (2004). Prehistory of the eastern interior after 500 B.C. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 265–285.
Hammerstedt, S. W. (2005). Mississippian status in western Kentucky: Evidence from the Annis Mound. Southeastern Archaeology 24: 11–27.
Hedman, K. M. (2006). Late Cahokian subsistence and health: Stable isotope and dental evidence. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 258–274.
Hirth, K. G. (1993). Identifying rank and socioeconomic status in domestic contexts: An example from central Mexico. In Santley, R. S., and Hirth, K. G. (eds.), Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica: Studies in Household, Compound, and Residence, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 121–146.
Hirth, K. G. (1998). The distributional approach: A new way to identify market exchange in the archaeological record. Current Anthropology 39: 451–476.
Holmes, W. H. (1903). Aboriginal pottery of the eastern United States. In Twentieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 1–201.
Hogue, S. H., and Melsheimer, R. (2008). Integrating dental microwear and isotopic analyses to understand dietary change in east-central Mississippi. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 228–238.
Iannone, G. (2002). Annales history and the ancient Maya state: Some observations on the “Dynamic Model.” American Anthropologist 104: 68–78.
Jackson, H. E., and Scott, S. L. (2003). Patterns of elite faunal utilization at Moundville, Alabama. American Antiquity 68: 552–572.
Jenkins, N. J. (2003). The Terminal Woodland/Mississippian transition in west and central Alabama. Journal of Alabama Archaeology 49: 1–62.
Johnson, J. K. (ed.) (2006). Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Kehoe, A. B. (2005). Wind jewels and paddling gods: The Mississippian Southeast in the Postclassic Mesoamerican world. In White, N. M. (ed.), Gulf Coast Archaeology: The Southeastern United States and Mexico, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 260–280.
Kelly, J. E. (2006). The ritualization of Cahokia: The structure and organization of Early Cahokia crafts. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 236–263.
Kelly, J. E., Brown, J. A., Hamlin, J. M., Kelly, L. S., Kozuch, L., Parker, K., and Van Nest, J. (2007). Mound 34: The Context for the Early Evidence of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex at Cahokia. In King, A. (ed.), Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, and Context, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 57–87.
Kelly, L. S., and Kelly, J. E. (2007). Swans in the American Bottom during the Emergent Mississippian and Mississippian. Illinois Archaeology 15-16: 112–141.
Kidder, T. R. (2004a). Prehistory of the Lower Mississippi Valley after 800 B.C. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 545–559.
Kidder, T. R. (2004b). Plazas as architecture: An example from the Raffman site, northeast Louisiana. American Antiquity 69: 514–532.
King, A. (2003). Etowah: The Political History of a Chiefdom Capital, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
King, A. (2004a). Deciphering Etowah’s Mound C: The construction history and mortuary record of a Mississippian burial mound. Southeastern Archaeology 23: 153–165.
King, A. (2004b). Power and the sacred: Mound C and the Etowah chiefdom. In Townsend, R. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 151–166.
King, A. (2006). Leadership strategies and the nature of Mississippian chiefdoms in northern Georgia. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 73–90.
King, A. (ed.) (2007a). Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
King, A. (2007b). The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: From cult to complex. In King, A. (ed.), Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 1–14.
Knight, V. J., Jr. (2004). Characterizing elite midden deposits at Moundville. American Antiquity 69: 304–321.
Knight, V. J., Jr. (2006). Farewell to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 1–5.
Knight, V. J., Jr. (2007a). An assessment of Moundville Engraved “cult” designs from potsherds. In King, A. (ed.), Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 151–164.
Knight, V. J., Jr. (2007b). Moundville as a diagrammatic ceremonial center. In Knight, V. J., Jr., and Steponaitis, V. P. (eds.), Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom, Reprint, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 44–62.
Knight, V. J., Jr., and Steponaitis, V. P. (eds.) (2007a). Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom, Reprint, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Knight, V. J., Jr., and Steponaitis, V. P. (2007b). A new history of Moundville. In Knight, V. J., Jr., and Steponaitis, V. P. (eds.), Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom, Reprint, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 1–25.
Knight, V. J., Jr., Brown, J. A., and Lankford, G. E. (2001). On the subject matter of Southeastern Ceremonial Complex art. Southeastern Archaeology 20: 129–141.
Kopytoff, I. (ed.) (1987). The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Kowalewski, S. A. (2006). Coalescent societies. In Pluckhahn, T. J., and Ethridge, R. (eds.), Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 94–122.
Lacquement, C. H. (2005). The experimental building of a flexed pole early Mississippian structure. Bulletin of Primitive Technology 30: 59–67.
Lankford, G. E. (2004). World on a string: Some cosmological components of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. In Townsend, R. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 207–217.
Lankford, G. E. (2007). Reachable Stars: Patterns in the Ethnoastronomy of Eastern North America, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Lekson, S. H., and Peregrine, P. N. (2004) A continental perspective for North American archaeology. SAA Archaeological Record 4: 15–19.
Lesure, R. (1999). On the genesis of value in early hierarchical societies. In Robb, J. E. (ed.), Material Symbols: Culture and Economy in Prehistory, Occasional Paper No. 26, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 23–55.
Lindauer, O., and Blitz, J. H. (1997). Higher ground: The archaeology of North American platform mounds. Journal of Archeological Research 5: 169–207.
Lipo, C. P., and Dunnell, R. C. (2008). Prehistoric settlement in the lower Mississippi Valley: A critical review. In Rafferty, J., and Peacock, E. (eds.), Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 125–167.
Lipo, C. P., Feathers, J. K., and Dunnell, R. C. (2005). Temporal data requirements, luminescence dates, and the resolution of chronological structure of late prehistoric deposits in the central Mississippi River Valley. American Antiquity 70: 527–544.
Litchford, M., and Glienke, S. (2006). This old house: Reconstructing a Mississippian temple. Illinois Archaeology 17: 173–188.
Lorenz, K. G. (1997). A re-examination of Natchez sociopolitical complexity: A view from the Grand Village and beyond. Southeastern Archaeology 16: 97–112.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr., Compton, J. M., and Cande, K. H. (2007). 1973 excavations at the Upper Nodena site. Southeastern Archaeology 26: 108–123.
Mann, C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Knopf, New York.
Marcoux, J. B. (2007). On reconsidering display goods production and circulation in the Moundville chiefdom. Southeastern Archaeology 26: 232–245.
Marcus, J. (2008). The archaeological evidence for social evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 251–266.
Marrinan, R. A., and White, N. M. (2007). Modeling Fort Walton culture in northwest Florida. Southeastern Archaeology 26: 292–318.
Mason, R. J. (2006). Inconstant Companions: Archaeology and North American Indian Oral Traditions, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
McAnnany, P. A. (1995). Living with the Ancestors: Kingship and Kinship in Ancient Maya Society, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Mehrer, M. W. (1995). Cahokia’s Countryside: Household Archaeology, Settlement Patterns, and Social Power, Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb.
Mehrer, M. W. (2000). Heterarchy and hierarchy: The community plan as institution in Cahokia’s polity. In Canuto, M. A., and Yaeger, J. (eds.), The Archaeologies of Communities: A New World Perspective, Routledge, London, pp. 44–57.
Michelaki, K. (2007). More than meets the eye: Reconsidering variability in Iroquoian ceramics. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 31: 143–170.
Mills, B. J. (2004). The establishment and defeat of hierarchy: Inalienable possessions and the history of collective prestige structures in the Pueblo Southwest. American Anthropologist 106: 238–251.
Milner, G. R. (2006). Introduction to the 2006 paperback edition. In Milner, G. R., The Cahokia Chiefdom: The Archaeology of a Mississippian Society, Reprint, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. xvii–xxvii.
Muller, J. (1997). Mississippian Political Economy, Plenum Press, New York.
Neff, H. (2008). Review of ceramic compositional studies from in and around the Mississippi Valley. In: Rafferty, J. R., and Peacock, E. (eds.), Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi River Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 223–242.
Olson, K. R., Jones, R. L., and Lang, J. M. (2005). Soil formation at Millstone Bluff and Johnson Ridge in southern Illinois. Soil Science 170: 457–468.
Pauketat, T. R. (2001). Practice and history in archaeology: An emerging paradigm. Anthropological Theory 1: 73–98.
Pauketat, T. R. (2003). Resettled farmers and the making of a Mississippian polity. American Antiquity 68: 39–66.
Pauketat, T. R. (2004). Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Pauketat, T. R. (2005). The forgotten history of the Mississippians. In Pauketat, T. R., and Loren, D. (eds.), North American Archaeology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 187–211.
Pauketat, T. R. (2007). Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions, AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD.
Pauketat, T. R. (2008). Founders’ cults and the archaeology of Wa-kan-da. In Mills, B. J., and Walker, W. H. (eds.), Memory Work: The Archaeologies of Material Practice, School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 61–81.
Pauketat, T. R., and Alt, S. M. (2003). Mounds, memory, and contested Mississippian history. In Van Dyke, R. M., and Alcock, S. E. (eds.), Archaeologies of Memory, Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp. 151–179.
Payne, C. (2006). The foundations of leadership in Mississippian chiefdoms: Perspectives from Lake Jackson and Upper Nodena. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 91–111.
Peacock, E., Rafferty, J., and Hogue, S. H. (2005). Land snails, artifacts, and faunal remains: understanding site formation processes at prehistoric/protohistoric sites in the Southeastern United States. In Bar-Yosef, D. (ed.), Archaeomalacology: Molluscs in Former Environments of Human Behavior, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 6–17.
Peacock, E., Neff, H., Rafferty, J., and Meaker, T. (2007). Using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to source shell in shell-tempered pottery: A pilot study from north Mississippi. Southeastern Archaeology 26: 319–329.
Peebles, C. S., and Kus, S. (1977). Some archaeological correlates of ranked societies. American Antiquity 42: 421–448.
Peregrine, P. N. (1992). Mississippian Evolution: A World Systems Perspective, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.
Peregrine, P. N., and Lekson, S. H. (2006). Southeast, Southwest, Mexico: Continental perspectives on Mississippian polities. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 351–364.
Perttula, T. K., and Rodgers, R. (2007). The evolution of a Caddo community in northeastern Texas: The Oak Hill Village site (41RK214), Rusk County, Texas. American Antiquity 72: 71–94.
Perttula, T. K., Walker, C. P., and Schultz, T. C. (2008). A revolution in Caddo archaeology: The remote sensing and archaeological view from the Hill Farm site (41BW169) in Bowie County, Texas. Southeastern Archaeology 27: 93–107.
Pollack, D. (2004). Caborn-Welborn: Constructing a New Society after the Angel Chiefdom Collapse, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Pollack, D. (2006). Late Mississippian Caborn-Welborn social and political relationships. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 309–327.
Powell, M. L. (2007). Of time and the river: Perspectives on health during the Moundville chiefdom. Knight, V. J., Jr., and Steponaitis, V. P. (eds.) (2007). Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom, Reprint, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 102–119.
Powell, M. L., Jacobi, K. P., Danforth, M., and Eisenberg, L. E. (2005). “Syphilis in mound builders’ bones”: Treponematosis in the central southern United States. In Powell, M. L., and Cook, D. C. (eds.), The Myth of Syphilis: The Natural History of Treponematosis in North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 117–161.
Price, T. D., Burton, J. H., and Stoltman, J. B. (2007). Place of origin of prehistoric inhabitants of Aztalan, Jefferson County, Wisconsin. American Antiquity 72: 524–538.
Rafferty, J. R., and Peacock, E. (eds.) (2008). Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi River Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Reber, E. A., and Evershed, R. P. (2006). Ancient vegetarians? Absorbed pottery residue analysis of diet in the Late Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods of the Mississippi Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 110–120.
Reber, E. A., Dudd, S. N., van der Merwe, N. J., and Evershed, R. P. (2004). Direct detection of maize in pottery residues via compound specific stable carbon isotope analysis. Antiquity 78: 682–691.
Rees, M. A., and Livingood, P. C. (eds.) (2007). Plaquemine Archaeology, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Reilly, F. K., III (2004a). People of earth, people of sky: Visualizing the sacred in Native American art of the Mississippian period. In Townsend, R. F. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 125–138.
Reilly, F. K., III (2004b). Thoughts on the preservation of traditional culture: An interview with Timmy Thompson. In Townsend, R. F. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 37–42.
Reilly, F. K., III (2004c). Thoughts on the preservation of traditional culture: An interview with Joyce and Turner Bear. In Townsend, R. F. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 183–189.
Reilly, F. K., III (2007). The petaloid motif: A celestial symbolic locative in the shell art of Spiro. In Reilly, F. K., III, and Garber, J. (eds.), Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, Vol. I, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 40–55.
Reilly, F. K., III, and Garber, J. (eds.) (2007a). Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, Vol. I, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Reilly, F. K., III, and Garber, J. (2007b). Introduction. In Reilly, F. K., III, and Garber, J. (eds.), Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, Vol. I, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 1–7.
Rolingson, M. A. (2004). Prehistory of the central Mississippi Valley and Ozarks after 500 B.C. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 534–543.
Saitta, D. J. (1994). Agency, class, and interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13: 201–227.
Scarry, C. M. (2007). Domestic life on the northwest riverbank at Moundville. In Knight, V. J., Jr., and Steponaitis, V. P. (eds.) (2007). Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom, Reprint, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 63–101.
Scarry, C. M., and Reitz, E. J. (2005). Changes in foodways at the Parkin site, Arkansas. Southeastern Archaeology 24: 107–120.
Scarry, J. F. (1999). How great were the southeastern polities? In Neitzel, J. E. (ed.), Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 59–74.
Scarry, J. F. (2007). Mississippian emergence in the Fort Walton area: The evolution of the Cayson and Lake Jackson phases. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), The Mississippian Emergence, Reprint, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 227–250.
Schortman, E., Urban, P., and Ausec, M. (2001). Politics with style: Identity formation in prehispanic southeastern Mesoamerica. American Anthropologist 103: 312–330.
Schroeder, S. (2004). Current research on late precontact societies of the midcontinental United States. Journal of Archaeological Research 12: 311–372.
Simon, M. L., and Parker, K. E. (2006). Prehistoric plant use in the American Bottom: New thoughts and interpretations. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 212–257.
Smith, B. D. (1978). Variation in Mississippian settlement patterns. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), Mississippian Settlement Patterns, Academic Press, New York, pp. 479–503.
Smith, B. D. (ed.) (1990). The Mississippian Emergence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Smith, B. D. (2007). Preface to the new edition. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), The Mississippian Emergence, Reprint, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. xix–xxxi.
Snow, D. R., Gahegan, M., Giles, C. L., Hirth, K. G., Milner, G. R., Mitra, P., and Wang, J. Z. (2006). Cybertools and archaeology. Science 311: 958–959.
Spielmann, K. A. (ed.) (1991). Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists: Interaction between the Southwest and the Southern Plains, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Spielmann, K. A. (2002). Feasting, craft specialization, and the ritual mode of production in small-scale societies. American Anthropologist 104: 195–207.
Steponaitis, V. P. (1978). Locational theory and complex chiefdoms: A Mississippian example. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), Mississippian Settlement Patterns, Academic Press, New York, pp. 417–453.
Steponaitis, V. P. (1986). Prehistoric archaeology in the southeastern United States, 1970–1985. Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 363–404.
Stoltman, J. B., Benden, D., and Boszhardt, R. F. (2008). New evidence in the Upper Mississippi Valley for Premississippian cultural interaction with the American Bottom. American Antiquity 73: 317–336.
Sullivan, L. P. (2001). Those men in the mounds: Gender, politics, and mortuary behavior in late prehistoric eastern Tennessee. In Eastman, J. M., and Rodning, C. B. (eds.), Archaeological Studies of Gender in the Southeastern United States, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 101–126.
Sullivan, L. P. (2006). Gendered contexts of Mississippian leadership in southern Appalachia. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 264–285.
Tainter, J. (2006). Archaeology of overshoot and collapse. Annual Review of Anthropology 35: 59–74.
Townsend, R. (ed.) (2004). Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago.
Trubitt, M. B. (2000). Mound building and prestige goods exchange: Changing strategies in the Cahokia chiefdom. American Antiquity 65: 669–690.
Trubitt, M. B. (2005). Crafting marine shell prestige goods at Cahokia. North American Archaeologist 26: 249–266.
Van Dyke, R. M., and Alcock, S. E. (2003). Archaeologies of memory: An introduction. In Van Dyke, R. M., and Alcock, S. E. (eds.), Archaeologies of Memory, Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp. 1–13.
Welch, P. D. (1991). Moundville’s Economy, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Welch, P. D. (1996). Control over goods and the political stability of the Moundville chiefdom. In Scarry, J. (ed.), Political Structure and Change in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 69–91.
Welch, P. D. (2004). How early were cities in the eastern United States? Journal of Urban History 30: 594–603.
Welch, P. D. (2005). Archaeology at Shiloh Indian Mounds, 1899–1999, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Welch, P. D. (2006). Interpreting anomalous rural Mississippian settlements: Leadership from below. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 214–235.
Welch, P. D., and Butler, B. M. (2006). Borne on a litter with much prestige. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 1–15.
Wells, D. C., and Weinstein, R. A. (2007). Extraregional contact and cultural interaction at the Coles Creek-Plaquemine transition: Recent data from the Lake Providence mounds, East Carroll Parish, Louisiana. In Rees, M. A., and Livingood, P. C. (eds.), Plaquemine Archaeology, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 38–65.
Wells, E. C. (2006) Recent trends in theorizing prehispanic Mesoamerican economies. Journal of Archaeological Research 14: 265–312.
Wesler, K. W. (2001). Excavations at Wickliffe Mounds, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Wesler, K. W. (2006). Platforms as chiefs: Comparing mound sequences in western Kentucky. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 142–155.
White, N. M. (ed.) (2005a). Gulf Coast Archaeology: The Southeastern United States and Mexico, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
White, N. M. (2005b). Discontinuities, common foundations, short-distance interactions, and sporadic long-distance connections around the Gulf of Mexico. In White, N. M. (ed.), Gulf Coast Archaeology: The Southeastern United States and Mexico, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 304–319.
White, N. M., and Weinstein, R. A. (2008). The Mexican connection and the far west of the U.S. Southeast. American Antiquity 73: 227–277.
Wilson, G. D. (2008). The Archaeology of Everyday Life at Early Moundville, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.
Wilson, G. D., Marcoux, J., and Koldehoff, B. (2006). Square holes in round holes: Organizational diversity between early Moundville and Cahokia. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 43–72.
Yerkes, R. W. (1983). Microwear, microdrills, and Mississippian craft specialization. American Antiquity 48: 499–518.
Yerkes, R. W. (2005). Bone chemistry, body parts, and growth marks: Evaluating Ohio Hopewell and Cahokia Mississippian seasonality, subsistence, ritual, and feasting. American Antiquity 70: 241–265.
Yoffee, N. (2005). Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Yoffee, N. (2006). Afterword: Lenses on Mississippian leadership. In Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, Occasional Paper No. 33, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 398–401.
Bibliography of recent literature
Ashley, K. H. (2005). Towards an interpretation of Shield’s mound (8DV12) and the Mill Cove complex. The Florida Anthropologist 58: 287–299.
Banden, W. H. (2005). Modeling prehistoric maize agriculture as a dissipative process. In Beekman, C. S., and Baden, W. S. (eds.), Nonlinear Models for Archaeology and Anthropology: Continuing the Revolution, Ashgate, Burlington, VT, pp. 95–122.
Barker, G. (2005). Archaeological investigation of a Mississippian period structure in the Loess Hill Bluffs of Shelby County, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeology 2: 3–18.
Benden, D. (2004). The Fischer mounds site complex: Early Middle Mississippian exploration in the Upper Mississippi Valley. The Minnesota Archaeologist 63: 7–24.
Boudreaux, E. A. (2007). A Mississippian ceramic chronology for the Town Creek region. North Carolina Archaeology 56: 1–57.
Bradbury, A. E., and Richmond, M. D. (2004). A preliminary examination of quantitative methods for classifying small triangular points from late prehistoric sites: A case study from the Ohio River Valley. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 29: 43–61.
Brown, J. A., and Dye, D. H. (2007). Severed heads and scared scalplocks: Mississippian iconographic trophies. In Chacon, R. J., and Dye, D. H. (eds.), The Taking and Displaying of Human Trophies by Amerindians, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, Norwell, MA, pp. 274–294.
Brown, T. L. (2005). Ceramic Variability within the Parkin Phase: A Whole Vessel Metric Analysis from Northeast Arkansas, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville.
Burns, L. F. (2004). A History of the Osage People, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Butler, B. M., and Cobb, C. R. (2004). The Millstone Bluff Site: A first approximation. In Hockensmith, C. D., and Carstens, K. C. (eds.), Current Archaeological Research in Kentucky, Vol. 7, Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort, pp. 85–109.
Butler, B. M., and Welch, P. D. (2006). Mounds lost and found: New research at the Kincaid site. Illinois Archaeology 17:138–153.
Cobb, C. R. (2005). Archeology and the “Savage Slot”: Displacement and emplacement in the premodern world. American Anthropologist 107: 563–574.
Cook, R. A. (2005). Reconstructing perishable architecture: Prospects and limitations of a Fort Ancient example. North American Archaeologist 26: 357–388.
Cook, R. A. (2007). Single component sites with long sequences of radiocarbon dates: The SunWatch site and middle Fort Ancient village growth. American Antiquity 72: 439–460.
Cruciotti, E. M., Fisher-Carroll, R., McNutt, C. H., Mainfort, R. C., Jr., and Dye, D. H. (2006). An experiment in ceramic description: Upper Nodena. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 78–88.
Danforth, M. (2004). Prehistoric human remains on the Mississippi Gulf Coast: A bioarchaeological analysis. Mississippi Archaeology 39: 107–124.
Danforth, M.,Wrobel, G. D., and Jacobi, K. P. (2007). Health and the transition to agriculture in the Deep South: Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee. In Cohen, M. N., and Kramer-Crane, G. (eds.), Ancient Health: The Skeletal Indicators of Economic and Political Intensification, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 65–79.
Davis, R. P. S., Jr. (2007). 2006 Archaeological Investigations at Town Creek Indian Mound State Historic Site, Research Report No. 26, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Delaney-Rivera, C. (2004). From edge to frontier: Early Mississippian occupation of the Lower Illinois River Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 23: 41–56.
Drake, E., Cobb, C. R., and Butler, B. M. (2004). Exploring intrasite variability at a Mississippian hoe workshop. In Topping, P., and Lynott, M. (eds.), The Cultural Landscape of Prehistoric Mines, David Brown, New York, pp. 155–170.
Dye, D. H. (2005). The transformation of Mississippian warfare: Four case studies from the Mid-South. In Arkush, E. N., and Allen, M. W. (eds.), The Archaeology of Warfare: Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 101–147.
Dye, D. H., and King, A. (2007). Desecrating the sacred ancestor temples: Chiefly conflict and violence in the American Southeast. In Chacon, R. J., and Mendoza, R. G. (eds.), North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 160–181.
Emerson, T. E., Walthall, J. A., Fortier, A. C., and McElrath, D. L. (2006). Advances in American Bottom prehistory: Illinois transportation archaeology two decades after I-270. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 155–169.
Fortier, A. C., Emerson, T. E., and McElrath, D. L. (2006). Calibrating and reassessing American Bottom culture history. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 170–211.
Franklin, J. D., and McCurdy, T. D. (2005). A radiocarbon chronology for Mound A (Unit 5) at Chucalissa in Memphis, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeology 2: 32–45.
Fritz, G. J. (2006). Introduction and spread of Mexican crops. In Ubelaker, D., and Smith, B. D. (eds.), Handbook of North American Indians: Environment, Origins, and Population, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 437–446.
Fritz, G. J., and Lopinot, N. H. (2007). Native crops at early Cahokia: Comparing domestic and ceremonial contexts. Illinois Archaeology 15/16: 90–111.
Hall, R. L. (2006). Exploring the Mississippian Big Bang at Cahokia. In Quilter, J., and Miller, M. (eds.), The Pre-Columbian World, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 187–229.
Hally, D. J. (2004). Lewis H. Larson Jr.: From Minnesota to Georgia: A road less traveled. Southeastern Archaeology 23: 142-143.
Hally, D. J. (2004). Mortuary patterns at a sixteenth-century town in northwestern Georgia. Southeastern Archaeology 23: 166–177.
Houge, S. H. (2006). Determination of warfare and interpersonal conflict in the protohistoric period: A case study from Mississippi. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 16: 236–248.
Hogue, S. H. (2006). Carbon isotope and microwear analysis of dog burials: Evidence for maize agriculture at a small Mississippian/Protohistoric site. In Maltby, M. (ed.), Integrating Zooarchaeology, Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham 2002, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 123–130.
Hogue, S. H. (2006). Evaluating the reliability of fluoride dating at two prehistoric mound sites in Mississippi. Journal of Field Archaeology 31: 307–315.
Houge, S. H. (2007). Mississippian and Protohistoric/Early Contact diet and health: Biological and cultural continuity and change in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. Southeastern Archaeology 26: 246–268.
Holley, G. R. (2006). Perspectives from the edge of Looking Glass Prairie: The Scott Joint-Use Archaeological Project. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 301–328.
Hutchinson, D. L., and Richman, R. (2006). Regional, social, and evolutionary perspectives on treponemal infection in the Southeastern United States. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 129: 544–558.
Hutchinson, D. L., Larsen, C. S., Williamson, M. A., Green-Clow, V. D., and Powell, M. L. (2005). Temporal and spatial variation in the patterns of treponematosis in Georgia and Florida. In Powell, M. L., and Cook, D. C. (eds.), The Myth of Syphilis: The Natural History of Treponematosis in North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 92–116.
Jackson, H. E. (2005). “Darkening the sun in their flight”: A zooarchaeological accounting of passenger pigeons in the prehistoric Southeast. In Hegmon, M., and Eiselt, B. S. (eds.), Engaged Anthropology: Research Essays on North American Archaeology, Ethnobotany, and Museology, Papers in Honor of Richard I. Ford, Anthropological Papers No. 94, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 174–199.
Kay, M., and Sabo, G., III (2006). Mortuary ritual and winter solstice imagery of the Harlan-style charnel house. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 29–47.
Keene, D. A. (2004). Reevaluating late prehistoric coastal subsistence and settlement strategies: New data from Grove’s Creek Site, Skidaway Island, Georgia. American Antiquity 69: 671–688.
Kelly, J. E. (2004). The Mitchell mound center: Then and now. In Cantwell, A., Conrad, L. A., and Reyman, J. E. (eds.), Aboriginal Ritual and Economy in the Eastern Woodlands: Papers in Memory of Howard Dalton Winters, Scientific Papers Vol. XXX, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, pp. 269–284.
King, A. (2006). The Historic period transformation of Mississippian societies. In Pluckhahn, T. J., and Ethridge, R. (eds.), Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, pp. 179–195.
Knight, V. J., Jr. (2004). Ceremonialism until A.D. 1500. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 734–741.
Lacquement, C. H. (ed.) (2007). Architectural Variability in the Southeast: Comprehensive Case Studies of Mississippian Structures, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Lambert, P. M. (2007). The osteological evidence for indigenous warfare in North America. In Chacon, R. J., and Mendoza, R. G. (eds.), North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 202–221.
Larsen, C. S. (2006). The agricultural revolution as environmental catastrophe: Implications for health and lifestyle in the Holocene. Quaternary International 150: 12–20.
Larson, L. H., Jr. (2004). The submound and mound architecture and features of Mound C, Etowah, Bartow County, Georgia. Southeastern Archaeology 23: 127–141.
La Vere, D. (2007). Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut’s Tomb, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr. (2005). A k-means analysis of late period ceramic variation in the central Mississippi Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 24: 59–69.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr. (2005). Architecture at Upper Nodena: Structures excavated by Dr. James K. Hampson. Arkansas Archeologist 44: 21–30.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr., and Fisher-Carroll, R. (2004). A ceramic replica of an astragalus die. Arkansas Archeologist 43: 71–73.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr., and Kwas, M. L. (2004). The Bat Creek stone revisited: A fraud exposed. American Antiquity 69: 761–769.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr., and McNutt, C. H. (2004). Dating the Hazel site. Arkansas Archeologist 43: 63–69.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr., Fisher-Carroll, R., and Gall, D. G. (2004). Hillabee greenstone in northeast Arkansas. Journal of Alabama Archaeology 50: 50–57.
Mainfort, R. C., Jr., Fisher-Carroll, R., and Gall, D. G. (2006). Sociotechnic celts from the Upper Nodena site, northeast Arkansas. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 31: 323–343.
Mann, R. (2005). Intruding on the past: The reuse of ancient earthen mounds by Native Americans. Southeastern Archaeology 24: 1–10.
McMillan, L. H. (2006). Buried Indians: Digging Up the Past in a Midwestern Town, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Milanich, J. T. (2004). Prehistory of Florida after 500 B.C. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 191–203.
Milner, G. R. (2004). The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America, Thames and Hudson, New York.
Milner, G. R. (2007). Warfare, population, and food production in prehistoric eastern North America. In Chacon, R. J., and Mendoza, R. G. (eds.), North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 182–201.
Moore, M. C., Beitburg, E., Smith, K. E., and Trubitt, M. B. (2006). One hundred years of archaeology at Gordontown: A fortified Mississippian town in middle Tennessee. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 89–109.
Norris, F. T., and Pauketat, T. R. (2008). A pre-columbian map of the Mississippi? Southeastern Archaeology 27: 78–92.
Norton, M. R., and Broster, J. B. (2004). The Sogom site (40DV68): A Mississippian farmstead on Cockrill Bend, Davidson County, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeology 1: 3–35.
O’Brien, M. J., and Lyman, R. L. (2004). History and explanation in archaeology. Anthropological Theory 4: 173–197.
Olson, K. R., Jones, R. L., and Lang, J. M. (2004). Assessment of soil disturbance using magnetic susceptibility and fly ash contents on a Mississippian mound in Illinois. Soil Science 169: 737–744.
Pate, L. (2004). The use and abuse of ethnographic analogies in interpretations of gender systems at Cahokia. In Pyburn, K. A. (ed.), Ungendering Civilization, Routledge, New York, pp. 71–93.
Pauketat, T. R. (2004). Archaeology without alternatives. Anthropological Theory 4: 199–203.
Pauketat, T. R. (2004). The economy of the moment: Cultural practices and Mississippian chiefdoms. In Feinman, G. M., and Nicholas, L. M. (eds.), Archaeological Perspectives on Political Economies, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 25–39.
Pauketat, T. R., and Alt, S. M. (2004). The making and meaning of a Mississippian axe-head cache. Antiquity 78: 779–797.
Pauketat, T. R., and Alt, S. M. (2005). Agency in a postmold? Physicality and the archaeology of culture-making. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12: 213–236.
Pauketat, T. R., and Loren, D. (2005). Alternative histories and North American archaeology. In Pauketat, T. R., and Loren, D. (eds.), North American Archaeology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 1–29.
Pauketat, T. R., Alt, S. M., and Pauketat, J. M. (2005). Some problems detecting Mississippian farmsteads in southwestern Illinois. Illinois Archaeology 17: 154–167.
Payne, C., and Lockhart, J. (2005). Archaeological and geophysical investigations at the Tinsley 1 site, Mississippi County, Arkansas. The Arkansas Archaeologist 44: 31–64.
Peacock, E., and Hogue, S. H. (2005). A new series of absolute dates from Lyon’s Bluff (22K520), east-central Mississippi. Southeastern Archaeology 24: 46–58.
Peacock, E., and Rafferty, J. (2005). 1999 test excavations at Owl Creek Mounds (22CS502), Chickasaw County, Mississippi. Mississippi Archaeology 40: 31–45.
Peacock, E., Haag, W. R., and Warren, M. L., Jr. (2005). Prehistoric decline in freshwater mussels coincident with the advent of maize agriculture. Conservation Biology 19: 547–551.
Perttula, T. K. (2005). 1938-1938 WPA excavations at the Hatchel site (41BW3) on the Red River in Bowie County, Texas. Southeastern Archaeology 24: 180–198.
Power, S. C. (2004). Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings, University of Georgia Press, Athens.
Quitmeyer, I. R., and Reitz, E. J. (2006). Marine trophic levels targeted between AD 300 and 1500 on the Georgia coast, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 806–822.
Raff, J., Cook, D. C., and Kaestle, F. (2006). Tuberculosis in the New World: A study of ribs from the Schild Mississippian population, west-central Illinois. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101: 25–27.
Rafferty, J. R. (2004). Explaining feature variability at Woodland, Mississippian, and Protohistoric sites, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. Mississippi Archaeology 39: 85–106.
Rafferty, S., and Mann, R. (eds.) (2004). Smoking and Culture: The Archaeology of Tobacco Pipes in Eastern North America, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Regnier, A. L. (2006). A stylistic analysis of burial urns from the Protohistoric Period in central Alabama. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 121–134.
Richards, J. D. (2007). Context and process: Red-slipped pottery in Cahokia’s northern hinterlands. Illinois Archaeology 19: 1–26.
Rogers, J. D. (2006). Chronology and the demise of chiefdoms: Eastern Oklahoma in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Southeastern Archaeology 25: 20–28.
Ryan, T. M., and Milner, G. R. (2006). Osteological applications of high-resolution computed tomography: A prehistoric arrow injury. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 871–879.
Sabo, G., III, and Sabo, D. (2005). Rock Art in Arkansas, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville.
Scancarelli, J., and Hardy, H. K. (eds.) (2005). Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Scarry, C. M., and Scarry, J. F. (2005). Native American “garden agriculture” in Southeastern North America. World Archaeology 37: 259–274.
Schroeder, S. (2004). Power and place: Agency, ecology, and history in the American Bottom, Illinois. Antiquity 78: 812–827.
Schroeder, S. (2005). Reclaiming New Deal era civic archaeology: Exploring the legacy of William S. Webb and the Jonathan Creek site. CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship 2: 53–71.
Schurr, M. R., and Powell, M. L. (2005). The role of changing childhood diets in the prehistoric evolution of food production: An isotopic assessment. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126: 278–294.
Simek, J. F., and Cressler, A. (2005). Images in darkness: Prehistoric cave art in southeast North America. In Loendorf, L., Chippendale, C., and Whitley, D. (eds.), Discovering North American Rock Art, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 93–113.
Simek, J. F., Cressler, A., and Pope, E. (2004). Association between a Southeastern rock art motif and mortuary caves. In Diaz-Granados, C., and Duncan, J. R. (eds.), The Rock-Art of Eastern North America: Capturing Images and Insight, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 159–173.
Smith, K. E., Brock, D., and Hogan, C. (2004). Interior incised plates and bowls from the Nashville Basin of Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeology 1: 49–57.
Spielmann, K. A., and Livingood, P. C. (2005). Ritual, politics, and the “exotic” in North American prehistory. In Hegmon, M., and Eiselt, B. S. (eds.), Engaged Anthropology: Research Essays on North American Archaeology, Ethnobotany, and Museology, Papers in Honor of Richard I. Ford, Anthropological Papers No. 94, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 155–173.
Stojanowski, C. M. (2005). Biocultural Histories in La Florida: A Bioarchaeological Perspective, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Stoltman, J. B. (2004). History of archaeological research. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 14–30.
Sullivan, L. P. (2006). Case study: Mouse Creek phase households and communities: Mississippian period towns in southeastern Tennessee. In Neusius, S. W., and Gross, T. (eds.), Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to American Archaeology, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 498–507.
Sullivan, L. P., and Pauketat, T. R. (2007). Cahokia’s Mound 31: A short-term construction at a long-term site. Southeastern Archaeology 26: 12–31.
Trubitt, M. B. (2005). Marine shell ornaments from Cahokia. The Bead Forum 47: 6–13.
Tucker, B. D. (2007). The Ocmulgee/Blackshear people and the middleman hypothesis: An isotopic evaluation. Southeastern Archaeology 26: 124–133.
Urban, G., and Jackson, J. B. (2004). Mythology and folklore. In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 707–719.
Vogel, G., Kay, M., and Vogele, L., Jr. (2005). A platform mound at the Norman site (34WG2), eastern Oklahoma. Southeastern Archaeology 24: 28–45.
Weaver, W. (2006). Ground-penetrating radar mapping in clay: Success from South Carolina, USA. Archaeological Prospection 13: 147–150.
Welch, P. D. (2004). Fieldwork at Swallow Bluff Island Mounds (40HR16) in 2003. Tennessee Archaeology 1: 36–48.
Williams, M., and Jones, S. (2006). Lithics, shellfish, and beavers. In Pluckhahn, T. J., and Ethridge, R. (eds.), Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, pp. 43–56.
Witty, C. O. (2007). Mitchell (11MS30): Investigations through time and recent discoveries. Illinois Archaeology 19: 179–194.
Acknowledgments
My thanks go to Gary M. Feinman for the invitation to write this article. I am grateful to the many researchers who provided literature references. Ashley Dumas helped compile the bibliography. Erin Phillips drafted Fig. 1. I thank Tony Boudreaux, Adam King, Bruce Smith, Greg Wilson, and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on earlier drafts. Of course, I am responsible for any sins of commission or omission in the final product.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blitz, J.H. New Perspectives in Mississippian Archaeology. J Archaeol Res 18, 1–39 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-009-9033-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-009-9033-y