Abstract
In this article we discuss the influence of temporal stability on the value obtained for dielectric properties of materials measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy with particular emphasis on attenuated total reflection. The stability of three different terahertz attenuated total reflection spectroscopy systems is carefully characterized. The formalism for the complex refractive index extraction is presented and the effect of delay errors is calculated numerically. We found that good thermal stability of the terahertz system helps to minimize delay fluctuations and therefore the uncertainty of the resulting complex refractive index.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M Tonouchi. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nat. Photon., 1:97–105, 2007.
P U Jepsen, D G Cooke, and M Koch. Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging - modern techniques and applications. Laser Photon. Rev., 5:124–166, 2011.
C A Schmuttenmaer. Exploring dynamics in the far-infrared with terahertz spectroscopy. Chem. Rev., 104:1759–1779, 2004.
H Zhan, V Astley, M Hvasta, J A Deibel, D M Mittleman, and Y Lim. The metal-insulator transition in vo[sub 2] studied using terahertz apertureless near-field microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 91:162110, 2007.
James Lloyd-Hughes and Tae-In Jeon. A review of the terahertz conductivity of bulk and nano-materials. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 33(9):871–925, 2012.
John F Federici. Review of moisture and liquid detection and mapping using terahertz imaging. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 33(2):97–126, 2012.
H W Hübers, S G Pavlov, H Richter, A D Semenov, L Mahler, A Tredicucci, H E Beere, and D A Ritchie. High-resolution gas phase spectroscopy with a distributed feedback terahertz quantum cascade laser. Appl. Phys. Lett., 89:061115, 2006.
Kaori Fukunaga, Yuichi Ogawa, Shin’ichiro Hayashi, and Iwao Hosako. Terahertz spectroscopy for art conservation. IEICE Electronics Express, 4(8):258–263, 2007.
R Gente, N Born, N Voß, W Sannemann, J Léon, M Koch, and E Castro-Camus. Determination of leaf water content from terahertz time-domain spectroscopic data. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves, 34(3-4):316–323, 2013.
M Schwerdtfeger, E Castro-Camus, K Krügener, W Viöl, and M Koch. Beating the wavelength limit: three-dimensional imaging of buried subwavelength fractures in sculpture and construction materials by terahertz time-domain reflection spectroscopy. Applied Optics, 52(3):375–380, 2013.
N Vieweg, N Born, I Al-Naib, and M Koch. Electrically tunable terahertz notch filters. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 33(3):327–332, 2012.
Marco Rahm, Jiu-Sheng Li, and Willie J Padilla. Thz wave modulators: a brief review on different modulation techniques. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 34(1):1–27, 2013.
CW Berry, N Wang, MR Hashemi, M Unlu, and M Jarrahi. Significant performance enhancement in photoconductive terahertz optoelectronics by incorporating plasmonic contact electrodes. Nature communications, 4:1622, 2013.
M B Johnston, D M Whittaker, A Corchia, A G Davies, and E H Linfield. Simulation of terahertz generation at semiconductor surfaces. Phys. Rev. B, 65:165301, 2002.
G Klatt, F Hilser, W Qiao, M Beck, R Gebs, A Bartels, K Huska, U Lemmer, G Bastian, M B Johnston, M Fischer, J Faist, and T Dekorsy. Terahertz emission from lateral photo-Dember currents. Opt. Express, 18:4939–4947, 2010.
A Nahata, A S Weling, and T F Heinz. A wideband coherent terahertz spectroscopy system using optical rectification and electro-optic sampling. Appl. Phys. Lett., 69:2321, 1996.
L Duvillaret, F Garet, and J-L Coutaz. Influence of noise on the characterization of materials by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys., 17:452–461, 2000.
W Withayachumnankul, B M Fischer, H Y Lin, and D Abbott. Uncertainty in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurement. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys., 25:1059–1072, 2008.
J Xu, K W Plaxco, and S J Allen. Absorption spectra of liquid water and aqueous buffers between 0.3 and 3.72 thz. J. Chem. Phys., 124:036101, 2006.
M Heyden, J A Sun, S Funkner, G Mathias, H Forbert, M Havenith, and D Marx. Dissecting the thz spectrum of liquid water from first principles via correlations in time and space. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107:12068–12073, 2010.
Benjamin Born and Martina Havenith. Terahertz dance of proteins and sugars with water. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 30(12):1245–1254, 2009.
J Xu, K W Plaxco, and S J Allen. Probing the collective vibrational dynamics of a protein in liquid water by terahertz absorption spectroscopy. Protein Sci., 15:1175–1181, 2006.
S Ebbinghaus, S J Kim, M Heyden, X Yu, U Heugen, M Gruebele, D M Leitner, and M Havenith. An extended dynamical hydration shell around proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104:20749–20752, 2007.
U Heugen, G Schwaab, E Brundermann, M Heyden, X Yu, D M Leitner, and M Havenith. Solute-induced retardation of water dynamics probed directly by terahertz spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103:12301, 2006.
J Xu, K W Plaxco, and S J Allen. Collective dynamics of lysozyme in water: terahertz absorption spectroscopy and comparison with theory. J. Phys. Chem. B, 110:24255–24259, 2006.
Seung Joong Kim, Benjamin Born, Martina Havenith, and Martin Gruebele. Real-time detection of protein-water dynamics upon protein folding by terahertz absorption spectroscopy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47(34):6486–6489, 2008.
E Castro-Camus and M B Johnston. Conformational changes of photoactive yellow protein monitored by terahertz spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett., 455:289–292, 2008.
Robert J Falconer and Andrea G Markelz. Terahertz spectroscopic analysis of peptides and proteins. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 33(10):973–988, 2012.
C Ronne, L Thrane, P O Astrand, A Wallqvist, K V Mikkelsen, and S R Keiding. Investigation of the temperature dependence of dielectric relaxation in liquid water by thz reflection spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. J. Chem. Phys., 107:5319, 1997.
L Thrane, RH Jacobsen, P Uhd Jepsen, and SR Keiding. Thz reflection spectroscopy of liquid water. Chemical Physics Letters, 240(4):330–333, 1995.
Atsushi Nakanishi, Yoichi Kawada, Takashi Yasuda, Koichiro Akiyama, and Hironori Takahashi. Terahertz time domain attenuated total reflection spectroscopy with an integrated prism system. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 83:033103, 2012.
Masaya Nagai, Hiroyuki Yada, Takashi Arikawa, and Koichiro Tanaka. Terahertz time-domain attenuated total reflection spectroscopy in water and biological solution. International journal of infrared and millimeter waves, 27(4):505–515, 2006.
Hideki Hirori, Kumiko Yamashita, Masaya Nagai, and Koichiro Tanaka. Attenuated total reflection spectroscopy in time domain using terahertz coherent pulses. Japanese journal of applied physics, 43:1287, 2004.
D Y K Ko and J R Sambles. Scattering matrix-method for propagation of radiation in stratified media - attenuated total reflection studies of liquid-crystals. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis., 5:1863–1866, 1988.
John F O’Hara, Withawat Withayachumnankul, and Ibraheem Al-Naib. A review on thin-film sensing with terahertz waves. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 33(3):245–291, 2012.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge funding by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology through the project 61308462 and CONACyT through grant number 131931. Amin Soltani achnowledges funding by the German Academic Exchange Service.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Soltani, A., Probst, T., Busch, S.F. et al. Error from Delay Drift in Terahertz Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves 35, 468–477 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-014-0054-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-014-0054-3