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Plant invaders in European and Mediterranean inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats

  • INVASIVE SPECIES
  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present brief and selective review focuses on a set of invasive alien aquatic plant species (notably the 21 listed by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation, i.e., five A2 species, 11 invasive, 2 in the Observation List, 1 in the Alert List, 2 noteworthy), on definitions in use, on introduction pathways, and ecological effects, although the social and economic effects of freshwater invaders can be diverse and substantial. Legislation, literature, and scientific research dealing with plant invasions in inland waters often merge different types of invasive plant species and invaded habitats, as there are some overlappings between the concepts of macrophyte, aquatic plants, inland waters, wetlands, and riparian habitats. Freshwater ecosystems may well be the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Countless aquatic plants have been introduced in Europe and in the Mediterranean region, either deliberately because they were thought to be ornamental or otherwise desirable, or accidentally as releases from aquaria, dumping from water gardens, or contaminants. The escape of alien plants from managed environments is also frequent. Aquatic invaders have strong negative impacts on native biodiversity and many different impacts are reported in the literature for Europe and worldwide. Plant invasions in inland waters may be considered as one of a syndrome of factors that characterize degraded aquatic ecosystems. There are a number of risk analysis, impact assessment, ranking systems, decision trees, and prioritization methods available throughout Europe and the EPPO region, but the lack of a common framework for assessing the risks posed by invasive alien aquatic species is seen as a key gap. Successful management should include prevention, habitat restoration, dedicated risk assessment, prioritization, awareness raising, dedicated legislation, collaboration between different stakeholders, development of codes of conduct with the horticultural sector, and prohibiting the sale, purchase, and intentional release of some species in the wild. Actions to protect the European and Mediterranean inland waters from plants invasions are urgently needed and could provide overarching benefits.

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Notes

  1. EPPO data sheets and PRA available at: https://www.eppo.int/INVASIVE_PLANTS/ias_lists.htm.

  2. B1.8 = moist and wet dune slacks; C1 = surface standing waters; C2 = surface running waters; C3 = littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies; D1 = raised and blanket bogs; D2 = valley mires, poor fens and transition mires: D3 = Aapa, palsa and polygon mires; D4 = base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires; D5 = sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water; D6 = inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds; E3 = seasonally wet and wet grasslands; F9 = riverine and fen scrubs; F9.35 = Riparian stands of invasive shrubs; G1 = Broadleaved deciduous woodland (e.g., G1.1 = Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]); G3 = Coniferous woodland: G4 = mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland; I1 = arable land and market gardens; I1.4 = Lava tubes; J5 = highly artificial man-made waters and associated structures; X01 = estuaries; X02 = saline coastal lagoons; X03 = brackish coastal lagoons; X04 = raised bog complexes.

  3. Luther (1949), according to the mode of attachment distinguishes the following types: haptophytes, rhizophytes, and pleustophyets. Acropleustophytes are pleustophytes which float on the surface.

  4. Stratiotids s.l. EUPHRESCO DeCLAIM – EUPHRESCO DeCLAIM—a decision-support system for management of invasive aquatic macrophytes (see Newman, 2010).

  5. See above Luther (1949).

  6. The IPPC is deposited with and administered through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

  7. The PRA process provides a technical tool for identifying appropriate phytosanitary measures. It consists of three stages: (i) initiation; (ii) pest risk assessment; and (iii) pest risk management. PRA is applied to pests of cultivated plants and wild flora in accordance with the scope of the IPPC. ISPM 11 has been revised to take account of the threats to biodiversity from IAS that are plant pests, including aquatic plants. See also FAO (2007).

  8. Information initially aquired in the EPPO PRA from Spanish managers.

  9. EUPHRESCO DeCLAIM Final report. A State-of-the-art June 2011. Cabomba caroliniana Gray. Plant Protection Service. Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen UR. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK, 54 pp. [http://www.q-bank.eu/Plants/Controlsheets/Cabomba_State-of-the-Art.pdf]. Accessed 15 April 2014.

  10. Decision XI/23, Biological diversity of inland water ecosystems [https://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop/?m=cop-11] Accessed 15 November 2013.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is based on a plenary talk held at the 12th Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant invasions (EMAPi, 22–26 September 2013, Pirenópolis, Brasil). I would like to thank the EMAPi Scientific Committee and organizers who invited me to present this paper at the conference and Sidinei M. Thomaz for insightful and meaningful discussion and for encouraging me in the preparation of this review. Additional useful insights were provided by colleagues at the conference. Two anonymous reviewers greatly helped in improving the paper. I am also very grateful to Nadine S. Wright for the revision of the English text, to A. Solinas and Pamuk for their patience. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Francesca Gherardi (Florence, Italy, 12 November 1955–14 February 2013) who was an Associate Professor at the Department of Biology of the University of Florence. She was a brilliant Italian Zoologist and Ethologist, and one of the most well known and active experts on invasive alien aquatic species. The paper title recalls the title of the book edited by F. Gherardi in 2007 “Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats” Invading Nature, Springer Series in Invasion Ecology.

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Guest editors: Sidinei M. Thomaz, Katya E. Kovalenko, John E. Havel & Lee B. Kats / Aquatic Invasive Species

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Brundu, G. Plant invaders in European and Mediterranean inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats. Hydrobiologia 746, 61–79 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1910-9

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