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Vegetation and soil characteristics as indicators of restoration trajectories in restored mangroves

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Abstract

We investigated the restoration trajectories in vegetation and soil parameters of monospecific Rhizophora mucronata stands planted 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, and 50 years ago (restored system). We tested the hypothesis that the changes in vegetation characteristics, with progressing mangrove age, are related to the changes in soil characteristics. The vegetation and soil parameters were compared across this restoration sequence using a reference system comprising mature, natural mangrove stands of unknown age. Rapid increases in leaf area index and aboveground biomass, and declines in tree density and size (in terms of tree diameter and height) occurred with increasing stand age. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and soil redox potential increased, and soil temperature decreased as stands aged. These patterns tended to stabilize at approximately the 11th year, indicating the probable age that restoration plots tend toward forest maturity. The time for the restored systems to reach forest maturity, attaining characteristics similar to the reference system, is estimated at 25 years, which is relatively slow compared to forest regeneration trajectories estimated for natural mangroves. Our study describes the trajectory patterns for planted mangroves, which are important for the assessment of both the progress and success of mangrove rehabilitation programs.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Ford Foundation-International Fellowship Program (FORD-IFP) and International Foundation for Science (IFS; D/4667-1) for providing financial assistance throughout the study period; the University of Queensland Research Scholarship Grant for providing financial support to SS; the Local Government Units and mangrove managers; and Jack Rengel and Tommy Conzaga for assisting in the field sampling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, 1108, Quezon City, Philippines

    Severino G. Salmo III

  2. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Severino G. Salmo III & Catherine Lovelock

  3. College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, 3120, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

    Severino G. Salmo III

  4. Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Norman C. Duke

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  1. Severino G. Salmo III
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Correspondence to Severino G. Salmo III.

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Salmo, S.G., Lovelock, C. & Duke, N.C. Vegetation and soil characteristics as indicators of restoration trajectories in restored mangroves. Hydrobiologia 720, 1–18 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1617-3

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