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Risk assessment of agricultural pesticides in water, sediment, and fish from Owan River, Edo State, Nigeria

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Abstract

The distribution of pesticides in water, sediments, Clarias gariepinus, and Tilapia zilli from the Owan River was investigated to evaluate the pollution status and potential hazard in the river system. A total of 16 pesticides were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The concentration of pesticide residues ranged from ND to 0.43 μg/l for water samples, 0.82 to 2.14 μg/kg/dw for sediment, 0.04 to 2.34 μg/kg/ww for C. gariepinus, and 0.02 to 1.73 μg/kg/ww for T. zilli. High concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, specifically benzenehexachloride (α-BHC, γ-BHC, and β-BHC) observed in all environmental media, are an indication of the current illegal use of banned pesticides for agricultural activities in the region. Analysis of data showed a strong correlation (r 2 = 0.7) between total organic carbon (TOC) and total pesticide residues in sediment samples. Meanwhile, risk quotient estimates for heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4′-DDT), endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan aldehyde, and phosphomethylglycine showed potential risk to aquatic organism under observed mean concentrations (risk quotient (RQ) ≥ 1). Estimated average daily intake (EADI) for organochlorine pesticides (γ-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) was above their respective acceptable average daily intake (ADI), while hazard quotient for each of these pesticides was above the unity value (1). This indicates that there is a potential cancer risk for the local residents with life time consumption of pesticide-contaminated fish.

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Acknowledgments

The authors express their appreciation to the Japan Society for Promotion of Science and the National Centre for Energy and Environment (NCEE) for partial funding and travel grants for this project. The authors also appreciate the valuable contributions of the reviewer.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical statement

Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Benin Ethics Committee on handling of the fish species.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics Laboratory, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

    Ozekeke Ogbeide, Isioma Tongo & Lawrence Ezemonye

  2. Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

    Ozekeke Ogbeide

  3. Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

    Isioma Tongo & Lawrence Ezemonye

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  1. Ozekeke Ogbeide
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Ogbeide, O., Tongo, I. & Ezemonye, L. Risk assessment of agricultural pesticides in water, sediment, and fish from Owan River, Edo State, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 187, 654 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4840-8

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