Abstract
Butterflies are strongly declining on grassland habitats of Central Europe. Therefore, the success of conservation measures on high quality grassland habitats is controversially discussed. We compared the changes in butterfly diversity and community structure on six managed calcareous grasslands with eight unmanaged vineyard fallows. We obtained strong losses of species diversity and remarkable shifts of community compositions on both habitat types. However, the changes on vineyard fallows were only slightly more severe but more stochastic than on the calcareous grasslands. The shifts in community composition with respect to functional species traits were rather similar between the two different grassland types so that complex butterfly communities evolved into generalist-dominated ones. Connectivity was higher among vineyard fallows than among calcareous grasslands. Consequently, conservation measures on calcareous grasslands only partly achieved their goal to maintain the high species diversity and functional complexity still observed in the 1970s. The negative impacts of eutrophication and monotonisation of the landscape as well as climate change are affecting all habitats, independently from management concepts. Therefore, management on conservation sites can buffer against these effects, but is not sufficient for a full compensation.
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Acknowledgments
Permissions to work and collect butterflies in protected areas in Rhineland-Palatinate were granted by the Struktur- und Genehmigungsdirektion Nord (Koblenz, Germany). Financial support for KJF was provided by the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation and the Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Viticulture, Food and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, and for JOE by the German Federal Environmental Foundation. We thank Michal Wiezik and two anonymous referees for valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
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Filz, K.J., Engler, J.O., Stoffels, J. et al. Missing the target? A critical view on butterfly conservation efforts on calcareous grasslands in south-western Germany. Biodivers Conserv 22, 2223–2241 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0413-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0413-0