Abstract
Morphological changes in Senegalese sole adults (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) reared at two stocking density conditions (low stocking density, 60% of bottom occupation and high stocking density, 180% of bottom occupation) were investigated using geometric morphometrics. Canonical variate analysis on weight matrix scores, including the uniform component (W′), at the end of the experiment revealed differences in body shape between experimental groups. The low density group presented a similar change pattern as that of the high density group but was less intense. Differences were discussed in terms of the effect of a high stocking density on the shape of soles which were very close to commercialization. Results did not indicate a significant size-related shape, likely due to fish age. Our results provide the first promising look at environment-related shape changes in reared sole.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barlow G (1961) Causes and significance of morphological variation in fishes. Syst Zool 10:105–117
Bookstein FL (1991) Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cato JC (1998) Valuation of seafood safety. Consumer perception of seafood safety and quality. In: Seafood safety—economics of hazards analysis and critical control point (HACCP) programmes. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, no. 381. FAO, Rome, pp 11–15
Corti M, Loy A, Cataudella S (1996) Form changes in the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Moronidae: Teleostei), after acclimation to freshwater: an analysis using shape coordinates. Environ Biol Fish 47:165–175
Duarte S, Reig L, Oca J, Sánchez P, Ambrosio PP, Flos R (2006) Behavioural responses of a heterogeneous size sole population at two different stocking densities. In: Abstracts of the EAS and WAS annual meeting, Aqua 2006–linking tradition and technology. Higher quality for the consumers. Firenze, Italy, p 266
Engrola S, Caçao P, Conceição LEC, Dinis MT (2001) Ongrowing of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles at different densities. In: Book of abstracts of the aquaculture 2001 WAS conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, 21–25 January
Flos R, Reig L, Oca J, Ginovart M (2002) Influence of marketing and different land-based systems on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) quality. Aquacult Int 10(1):189–206
Gavaia PJ, Sarasquete C, Cancela ML (1999) Determination of mineralized structures in early stages of development of marine teleostei using a modified alcian blue-alizarin red double staining technique for bone and cartilage. Biotech Histochem 75(2):79–84
Goodall CR (1991) Procustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape. J R Statist Soc B 53:285–339
Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analyses. Paleontologia Electronica 4(1):9
Howell BR (1998) The effect of stocking density on growth and size variation in cultured turbot, Scophtalmus maximus, and sole, Solea solea. ICES CM L:10
Hubss CL (1926) The structural consequence of modifications of the developmental rate in fishes, considered in reference to certain problems of evolution. Am Nat 60:57–81
Imsland AK, Foss A, Conceiçao LEC, Dinis MT, Delbare D, Schram E, Kamstra A, Rema P, White P (2003) A review of culture potential of Solea solea and S. senegalensis. Rev Fish Biol Fisher 13:379–407
Loy A, Boglione C, Cataudella S (1999) Geometric morphometrics and morpho-anatomy: a combined tool in the study of sea bream (Sparus aurata, sparidae) shape. J Appl Ichthyol 15:104–110
Loy A, Boglione C, Gagliardi F, Ferrucci L, Cataudella S (2000) Geometric morphometrics and internal anatomy in sea bass shape analysis (Dicentrarchus labrax L., Moronidae). Aquaculture 186:33–44
Marcus LF, Bello E, Garcia-Valdecasas A (1993) Contributions to morphometrics. Monografías, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid
Pavlinov IYa, Mikeshina NG (2002) Principles and methods of geometric morphometrics. (In Russian, with English summary) J General Biol 63(6):473–493
Reig L, Ginovart M, Flos R (2003) The application and evaluation of an individual marking technique of sole fingerlings (Solea sp.) for studies of growth. J Appl Ichthyol 19(1):49–51
Rohlf FJ (2003) TpsRegr., ver. 1.28. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Rohlf FJ (2004a) Tps Dig., ver. 1.40. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Rohlf FJ (2004b) Tps Relw., ver. 1.39. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Rohlf FJ, Bookstein FL (1991) Proceedings of the Michigan morphometric workshop. University of Michigan. Special publication no 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan
Rohlf FJ, Marcus LF (1993) A revolution in morphometrics. Trends Ecol Evol 8:129–132
Rohlf FJ, Slice D (1990) Extensions of the Procustes method for the optimal superimpositions of landmarks. Syst Zool 39(1):40–59
Sánchez P, Viñas J, Alvarado-Bremer J, Ambrosio PP, Flos R (2005) Mitochondrial control region and microsatellite data show low genetic variability in reared Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, preliminary data. In: Howell B, Flos R (eds) Lesson from the past to optimize the future. European Aquaculture Society, special publication no. 35, Trondheim, Norway, pp 397–398
Schram E, Van der Heul JW, Kamstra A, Verdegem MCJ (2006) Stocking density-dependent growth of Dover sole (Solea solea). Aquaculture 252:339–347
Taylor WR, Van Dyke GC (1985) Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 9(2):107–119
Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL, Sheets HD, Fink WL (2004) Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a primer. Elsevier Academic, San Diego, USA
Acknowledgement
This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCYT AGL2002-00768).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ambrosio, P.P., Costa, C., Sánchez, P. et al. Stocking density and its influence on shape of Senegalese sole adults. Aquacult Int 16, 333–343 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9147-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9147-5