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Impfungen im Alter

Vaccination in the elderly

  • Leitthema
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Der Pneumologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Alterung des Immunsystems, die Immunseneszenz, führt zu einer Zunahme von Infektionen im Alter mit meist oligosymptomatischem und teils schwerem Verlauf. Sie reduziert die Immunantwort auf Impfungen, weshalb stärker immunogene Vakzine vorteilhaft sind. Dennoch reduziert die Umsetzung der Impfempfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) für 60-Jährige und Ältere die Krankheitslast impfpräventabler Infektionen durch Vermeidung der Erkrankung bzw. Abmilderung des klinischen Verlaufs. So empfiehlt die STIKO für diese Gruppe die jährlich zu wiederholende Influenzaimpfung als Standardimpfung sowie für Pflegeheimbewohner als Indikationsimpfung, einmalig ab dem 60. Lebensjahr die Pneumokokkenpolysaccharidimpfung sowie die Komplettierung bei unvollständiger Td-Grundimmunisierung (Tetanus-Diphterie) und die regelmäßige Auffrischungsimpfung mit dem Td-Kombinationsimpfstoff. Einmalig sollen auch Senioren gegen Pertussis mit dem Tdap-Kombinationsimpfstoff (Tetanus-Diphtherie-Pertussis) geimpft werden. Die nun auch für Erwachsene zugelassene Pneumokokkenkonjugatvakzine bleibt in der STIKO-Empfehlung bisher unberücksichtigt, ebenso der Impfstoff zur Prävention des Zosters und der Postzosterneuralgie. Um die Auswirkungen der Immunseneszenz möglichst gering zu halten, erscheint die Strategie des lebenslangen Impfens und Schließens vorhandener Impflücken erfolgsversprechend.

Abstract

The aging immune system, so-called immunosenescence, is well documented as being the cause of increased infection rates and severe, often complicated courses of infections in the elderly with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, it can lead to decreased efficacy of vaccinations. The administration of stronger immunogenic vaccines can be beneficial in the elderly. Implementing vaccination recommendations for the elderly by the Ständige Impfkommission (STIKO, Standing Vaccination Committee) can reduce the burden of infectious diseases by prevention of infections or reduction of the severity of infections. The following vaccinations are recommended by STIKO for all persons aged 60 years and above: annual influenza vaccination (additionally all nursing home residents independent of age), once only pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination, completion of incomplete tetanus and diphtheria vaccinations (Td) as well as regular revaccination. All adults should be vaccinated once only against pertussis with the combined Td and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. Meanwhile, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is authorized for administration in adults but is not yet recommended by the STIKO which also applies to the vaccine for prevention of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. A lifelong course of vaccination may help to attenuate the effect of immunosenescence.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenskonflikt. A. Kwetkat erhält ein Forschungsstipendium des Forschungskolleg Geriatrie der Robert Bosch Stiftung, Stuttgart, und eine Forschungsförderung als „unrestricted grant“ der Firma Pfizer. Sie ist Mitglied im PCV-13-Adult Advisory Board der Firma Pfizer Pharma GmbH und erhielt Vortragshonorare von den Firmen Pfizer, MSD und Novartis. H.J. Heppner erhielt Vortragshonorare der Firmen Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Bayer Helath Care, Novartis Pharma und Astellas Pharma. S. Hagel erhielt Vortragshonorare der Firmen Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Astra Zeneca und MSD. P. Wutzler erhielt Honorare für Berater- und Vortragstätigkeiten der Firmen Sanofi Pasteur MSD, Astra Zeneca und BSK. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Correspondence to A. Kwetkat.

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Bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um eine überarbeitete und aktualisierte Version des CME-Beitrags Kwetkat A, Pletz MW (2013) Vaccination in the elderly. Z Gerontol Geriatr 46:673–679.

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Kwetkat, A., Heppner, H., Hagel, S. et al. Impfungen im Alter. Pneumologe 11, 478–485 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-014-0786-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-014-0786-8

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