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Electrochemical detection techniques in micro- and nanofluidic devices

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Abstract

Electrochemical techniques are widely used in microfluidic and nanofluidic devices because they are suitable for miniaturization, have better sensitivity compared to optical detection techniques, and their components can be reliably microfabricated. In addition to the detection and quantification of analytes, electrochemical techniques can be used to monitor processes such as biological cell death and protein/DNA separations/purifications. Such techniques are combined with micro- and nanofluidic devices with point-of-care (POC) applications in mind, where cost, footprint, ease of use, and independence from peripheral equipment are critical for a viable design. A large variety of electrode materials and device configurations have been employed to meet these requirements. This review introduces the reader to the major electrochemical techniques, materials, and fabrication methods for working and reference electrodes, and to surface modifications of electrodes to facilitate electrochemical measurements, in the context of micro- and nanofluidic devices. The continuing development of these techniques holds promise for the next-generation lab-on-a-chip devices, which can realize the goals of this technology such as POC clinical analysis.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Amperometric detection

BDD:

Boron-doped diamond

CC:

Chronocoulometry

CD:

Conductivity-based detection

CE–AD:

Capillary electrophoresis–amperometric detection

CE:

Counter electrode

CMOS:

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CTC:

Circulating tumor cell

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

DEPIM:

Dielectrophoretic impedance measurement

ECCS:

Electrochemical correlation spectroscopy

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ESPR:

Enhanced surface plasmon resonance

FIB:

Focused ion beam

FSCV:

Fast scan cyclic voltammetry

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

LIF:

Laser-induced fluorescence

LOD:

Limit of detection

LSV:

Linear scan voltammetry

PAD:

Pulsed amperometric detection

PCB:

Printed circuit board

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

POC:

Point of care

SAM:

Self-assembled monolayer

SECM:

Scanning electrochemical microscopy

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

SV:

Stripping voltammetry

SWV:

Square wave voltammetry

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support by NSF, provided through CBET 0636254, “SGER: Exploration and Quantification of Ion Gradients in a Capillary Microdevice” and valuable instruction and discussions with David O.Wipf.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg 73), Room 3120, 160 Lomb Memorial Dr, Rochester, NY, 14123, USA

    Aytug Gencoglu

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Chemical Sciences Building, Room 201, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Adrienne R. Minerick

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  1. Aytug Gencoglu
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Correspondence to Adrienne R. Minerick.

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Gencoglu, A., Minerick, A.R. Electrochemical detection techniques in micro- and nanofluidic devices. Microfluid Nanofluid 17, 781–807 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-014-1385-z

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