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Thick brachiopod shell concentrations from prodelta and siliciclastic ramp in a Tortonian Atlantic–Mediterranean strait (Miocene, Guadix Basin, southern Spain)

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Abstract

Carbonate production by brachiopods in shallow-water habitats is generally expected to be not sufficiently high and temporally persistent to allow them to form very thick and densely packed shell concentrations. The formation of thick brachiopod concentrations requires long-term persistence of populations with high density of individuals, and such circumstances are assumed to be rare especially during the Cenozoic. However, here we show that the large-sized brachiopod Terebratula terebratula, the most common species in benthic assemblages with epifaunal bivalves and irregular echinoids, formed several decameter- to meter-thick, densely packed concentrations in shallow siliciclastic, high-energy environments, in a seaway connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea during the Latest Tortonian (Late Miocene, Guadix Basin, southern Spain). This brachiopod formed (1) meter-scale, thick, parautochthonous concentrations in a prodelta setting and (2) thin, mainly allochthonous, tide- and storm-reworked concentrations in megaripples and dunes. The abundance of brachiopods at the spatial scale of the Guadix Basin seems to be mainly related to intermediate levels of sedimentation rate and current velocity because abundance and thickness of shell concentrations decline both (1) in onshore direction towards delta foresets with high sedimentation rate generated by debris flows and (2) in offshore direction with increasing levels of tide- and storm-induced substrate instability. Although brachiopods in dune and megaripple deposits are more fragmented, disarticulated, and sorted, and have a higher pedicle/brachial valve ratio than in prodelta deposits, taphonomic damage is still relatively high in prodelta deposits. Terebratula terebratula thus formed thick concentrations in spite of that disintegration processes were relatively intense along the whole depositional gradient. Therefore, population dynamic of this species was probably characterized by production maxima that were comparable to some Cenozoic molluscs in terms of their productivity potential to form thick shell concentrations in shallow subtidal environments. We suggest that temporal changes in brachiopod carbonate production have a significant spatial and phylogenetic component because multiple large-sized species of the family Terebratulidae, which underwent radiation during the Cenozoic, attained high abundances and formed shell concentrations in temperate regions.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by project CGL2009-07830/BTE and financed by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC), the European Fund of Regional Development (FEDER), and Research Group RNM-200 of the Junta de Andalucía. A. Tomašových was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0248-07 and 0644-10), the Slovakian Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA 2/0068/11), and the National Science Foundation (DEB 0919451). We would like to thank Editor Franz T. Fürsich, Prof. Marcello G. Simões, (UNESP Botucatu) and Prof. James Nebelsick (Universität Tübingen) for careful reviews of the manuscript. We are grateful to a native English speaker (Jean Louise Sanders) for her assistance in reviewing the grammar.

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  1. Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas sn, 23071, Jaén, Spain

    Matías Reolid & Fernando García-García

  2. Geological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Adam Tomašových

  3. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain

    Jesús M. Soria

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  1. Matías Reolid
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Reolid, M., García-García, F., Tomašových, A. et al. Thick brachiopod shell concentrations from prodelta and siliciclastic ramp in a Tortonian Atlantic–Mediterranean strait (Miocene, Guadix Basin, southern Spain). Facies 58, 549–571 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0296-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0296-2

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