Health insurance in Croatia: dynamics and politics of balancing revenues and expenditures

Abstract

Since 2002, the Croatian social health insurance system has undergone substantial reforms, initiated for the most part with the aim of addressing the perpetual financial deficits of the state health insurance fund. While the reforms focussed heavily on increasing the inflow of private funds into the health care system, underlying inefficiencies contributing significantly to poor financial performance have been largely ignored. Furthermore, contrary to demographic trends and developments in social health insurance schemes in other countries, funding health care became even more dependent on its main collection mechanism—payroll tax—and consequently on the employment ratio and wage level. Little effort has been made to diversify the revenue base or to increase the efficiency of revenue collection. Like other countries, Croatia is facing difficulties in adjusting its ‘Bismarck’ system to its changing demographic and socioeconomic context. Instead of targetting a comprehensive effort at improving revenue collection and limitating unnecessary expenditure and system inefficiencies, simplified approaches to balance the budget have been implemented at a high price to users and with limited effect. As a result, the Croatian health insurance system now offers a lower level of financial protection, while still facing the problem of spending more than can be collected through the current mix of revenue collection mechanisms. The authors suggest that, in order to meet the sustainability requirement of the health financing system, measures affecting both revenue and expenditure should be considered and implemented. On the revenue collection side, the Croatian government must make further efforts to improve collection from the informally employed to broaden the base of contributing members; equally important is the diversification of revenue sources by increasing transfers from general taxation revenues. On the expenditure side, exploring inefficiencies of the delivery system can be delayed no longer, and the introduction of effective cost-control mechanisms and financial discipline would seem to be unavoidable.

Appendix 1

Average annual exchange rates for the Croatian Kuna (HRK) according to the Croatian National Bank (available from www.hnb.hr). EUR Euros, CHF Swiss francs, GBP Great Britain pounds, USD United States dollars

Year	HRK/EUR	HRK/CHF	HRK/GBP	HRK/USD
2002	7,406,976	5,049,125	11,793,108	7,872,490
2003	7,564,248	4,978,864	10,943,126	6,704,449
2004	7,495,680	4,854,986	11,048,755	6,031,216
2005	7,400,047	4,780,586	10,821,781	5,949,959
2006	7,322,849	4,656,710	10,740,292	5,839,170