Abstract
With the ever-increasing risk for fungal infections, one can no longer ignore fungi. It is imperative that clinical manifestations “presume fungus” with their epidemiologic and pathogenic features when evaluating a potentially infected patient. In the high-risk patient groups, fungi with intrinsic resistance to antifungal agents already exist, with a tendency to emerge as opportunistic pathogens. One of the smart pathogens is Macrophomina phaseolina, with the potential to disarm plant, animal, and human immunity. The response prophylaxis may vary from antifungal therapy and surgical measures to biochemical (Rhizoctonia bataticola lectin [RBL] with antitumor and cytotoxic nature) and gene therapeutics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB (2004) Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 39:309–317
Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L (2002) Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 34:909–917
Pappas PG, Rex JH, Lee J, Hamill RJ, Larsen RA, Powderly W, Kauffman CA, Hyslop N, Mangino JE, Chapman S, Horowitz HW, Edwards JE, Dismukes WE (2003) A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin Infect Dis 37:634–643
Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K, Vande Berg J, Hu J, Messer S, Herwaldt L, Pfaller M, Diekema D (2003) Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 37:1172–1177
Lin SJ, Schranz J, Teutsch SM (2001) Aspergillosis case–fatality rate: systematic review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 32:358–366
Morgan J, Meltzer MI, Plikaytis BD, Sofair AN, Huie-White S, Wilcox S, Harrison LH, Seaberg EC, Hajjeh RA, Teutsch SM (2005) Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case–control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26:540–547
Wilson LS, Reyes CM, Stolpman M, Speckman J, Allen K, Beney J (2002) The direct cost and incidence of systemic fungal infections. Value Health 5:26–34
Zaoutis TE, Argon J, Chu J, Berlin JA, Walsh TJ, Feudtner C (2005) The epidemiology and attributable outcomes of candidemia in adults and children hospitalized in the United States: a propensity analysis. Clin Infect Dis 41:1232–1239
Trick WE, Fridkin SK, Edwards JR, Hajjeh RA, Gaynes RP (2002) Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999. Clin Infect Dis 35:627–630
Baddley JW, Stroud TP, Salzman D, Pappas PG (2001) Invasive mold infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 32:1319–1324
Abi-Said D, Anaissie E, Uzun O, Raad I, Pinzcowski H, Vartivarian S (1997) The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 24:1122–1128
Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM, Edwards JE, Patterson JE, Pfaller MA, Rangel-Frausto MS, Rinaldi MG, Saiman L, Wiblin RT, Wenzel RP (2001) Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 33:177–186
Kauffman CA (2001) Fungal infections in older adults. Clin Infect Dis 33:550–555
Kaufman D, Fairchild KD (2004) Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. Clin Microbiol Rev 17:638–680
Roilides E, Farmaki E, Evdoridou J, Dotis J, Hatziioannidis E, Tsivitanidou M, Bibashi E, Filioti I, Sofianou D, Gil-Lamaignere C, Mueller FM, Kremenopoulos G (2004) Neonatal candidiasis: analysis of epidemiology, drug susceptibility, and molecular typing of causative isolates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23:745–750
Vento S, Cainelli F (2003) Infections in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy: aetiology, prevention, and treatment. Lancet Oncol 4:595–604
Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ (2004) Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 42:4419–4431
Tan DHS, Sigler L, Gibas CFC, Fong IW (2008) Disseminated fungal infection in a renal transplant recipient involving Macrophomina phaseolina and Scytalidium dimidiatum: case report and review of taxonomic changes among medically important members of the Botryosphaeriaceae. Med Mycol 46:285–292
Walsh TJ, Groll A, Hiemenz J, Fleming R, Roilides E, Anaissie E (2004) Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect 10(Suppl 1):48–66
Chamilos G, Marom EM, Lewis RE, Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP (2005) Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 41:60–66
Hajjeh RA, Sofair AN, Harrison LH, Lyon GM, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Mirza SA, Phelan M, Morgan J, Lee-Yang W, Ciblak MA, Benjamin LE, Sanza LT, Huie S, Yeo SF, Brandt ME, Warnock DW (2004) Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 42:1519–1527
Reingold AL, Lu XD, Plikaytis BD, Ajello L (1986) Systemic mycoses in the United States, 1980–1982. J Med Vet Mycol 24:433–436
Rees JR, Pinner RW, Hajjeh RA, Brandt ME, Reingold AL (1998) The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Francisco Bay area, 1992–1993: results of population-based laboratory active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 27:1138–1147
Mihail JD (1992) Macrophomina. In: Singleton LL, Mihail JD, Rush CM (eds) Methods for research on soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, pp 134–136
Crous PW, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Rheeder J, Marasas WFO, Philips AJL, Alves A, Burgess T, Barber P, Groenewald JZ (2006) Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Stud Mycol 55:235–253
Sharma S, Vandana, Ghoshal SK, Arora P, Dilbaghi N, Chaudhury A (2009) Study of optical properties of Macrophomina phaseolina impregnated sol-gel derived silica matrices. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 159:310–316
Srinivasan A, Wickes BL, Romanelli AM, Debelenko L, Rubnitz JE, Sutton DA, Thompson EH, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG, Hayden RT, Shenep JL (2009) Cutaneous infection caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in a child with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Microbiol 47:1969–1972
Bagyalakshmi R, Therese KL, Prasanna S, Madhavan HN (2008) Newer emerging pathogens of ocular non-sporulating molds (NSM) identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA sequencing technique targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Curr Eye Res 33:139–147
Hasegawa T, Yoshida Y, Kosuge J, Haga T, Goto Y, Shinjo T, Uchida K, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S, Takatori K (2005) Subcutaneous granuloma associated with Macrophomina species infection in a cat. Vet Rec 156:23–24
Muller Z, Chou KC, Nah KC (1975) Cassava as a total substitute for cereals in livestock and poultry rations. In: Proceedings of the 1974 Tropical Products Institute Conference, 1–5 April 1974, pp 85–95
Ackerman MJ (1998) Consultation with the specialist: the long QT syndrome. Pediatr Rev 19:232–238
Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE (2001) Neoplastic and non-neoplastic tumors. In: Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE (eds) Muller and Kirk’s small animal dermatology, 6th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1346–1357
Ng TB (2004) Peptides and proteins from fungi. Peptides 25:1055–1073
Candy L, Van Damme EJM, Peumans WJ, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Erard M, Rougé P (2003) Structural and functional characterization of the GalNAc/Gal-specific lectin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 308:396–402
Khan F, Ahmad A, Khan MI (2007) Purification and characterization of a lectin from endophytic fungus Fusarium solani having complex sugar specificity. Arch Biochem Biophys 457:243–251
Tronchin G, Esnault K, Sanchez M, Larcher G, Marot-Leblond A, Bouchara J-P (2002) Purification and partial characterization of a 32-kilodalton sialic acid-specific lectin from Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 70:6891–6895
Guillot J, Konska G (1997) Lectins in higher fungi. Biochem Syst Ecol 25:203–230
Thakur A, Rana M, Lakhanpal TN, Ahmad A, Khan M (2007) Purification and characterization of lectin from fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum: lectin from Ganoderma lucidum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1770:1404–1412
Wang HX, Ng TB (2003) Isolation of a novel N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin from fresh sclerotia of the edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. Protein Expr Purif 29:156–160
Bhowal J, Guha AK, Chatterjee BP (2005) Purification and molecular characterization of a sialic acid specific lectin from the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Carbohydr Res 340:1973–1982
Khan F, Islam Khan M (2011) Fungal lectins: current molecular and biochemical perspectives. Int J Biol Chem 5(1):1–20
Sharon N, Lis H (2004) History of lectins: from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules. Glycobiology 14:53R–62R
Rudd PM, Wormald MR, Stanfield RL, Huang M, Mattsson N, Speir JA, DiGennaro JA, Fetrow JS, Dwek RA, Wilson IA (1999) Roles for glycosylation of cell surface receptors involved in cellular immune recognition. J Mol Biol 293:351–366
Nangia-Makker P, Conklin J, Hogan V, Raz A (2002) Carbohydrate-binding proteins in cancer, and their ligands as therapeutic agents. Trends Mol Med 8:187–192
Gabius HJ, Wosgien B, Hendrys M, Bardosi A (1991) Lectin localization in human nerve by biochemically defined lectin-binding glycoproteins, neoglycoprotein and lectin-specific antibody. Histochemistry 95:269–277
Miyoshi N, Koyama Y, Katsuno Y, Hayakawa S, Mita T, Ohta T, Kaji K, Isemura M (2001) Apoptosis induction associated with cell cycle dysregulation by rice bran agglutinin. J Biochem 130:799–805
Licastro F, Morini MC, Kretz O, Dirheimer G, Creppy EE, Stirpe F (1993) Mitogenic activity and Immunological properties of bolesatine, a lectin isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz. Int J Biochem 25:789–792
Mahajan RG, Patil SI, Mohan DRK, Shastry P (2002) Pleurotus eous mushroom lectin (PEL) with mixed carbohydrate inhibition and antiproliferative activity on tumor cell lines. J Biochem Mol Biol Biophys 6(5):341–345
Zhao JK, Wang HX, Ng TB (2009) Purification and characterization of a novel lectin from the toxic wild mushroom Inocybe umbrinella. Toxicon 53(3):360–366
Wang HX, Liu WK, Ng TB, Ooi VEC, Chang ST (1996) The immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of lectins from the mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum. Immunopharmacology 31:205–211
Trigueros V, Lougarre A, Ali-ahmed D, Rahbé Y, Guillot J, Chavant L, Fournier D, Paquereau L (2003) Xerocomus chrysenteron lectin: identification of a new pesticidal protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1621:292–298
Nagre NN, Chachadi VB, Sundaram PM, Naik RS, Pujari R, Shastry P, Swamy BM, Inamdar SR (2010) A potent mitogenic lectin from the mycelia of a phytopathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia bataticola, with complex sugar specificity and cytotoxic effect on human ovarian cancer cells. Glycoconj J 27:375–386
Leonidas DD, Swamy BM, Hatzopoulos GN, Gonchigar SJ, Chachadi VB, Inamdar SR, Zographos SE, Oikonomakos NG (2007) Structural basis for the carbohydrate recognition of the Sclerotium rolfsii lectin. J Mol Biol 368:1145–1161
Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Kominami J, Kamei M, Koyama Y, Suzuki T, Isemura M, Hirabayashi J (2006) Comparative analysis by frontal affinity chromatography of oligosaccharide specificity of GlcNAc-binding lectins, Griffonia simplicifolia lectin-II (GSL-II) and Boletopsis leucomelas lectin (BLL). J Biochem 140:285–291
Paaventhan P, Joseph JS, Seow SV, Vaday S, Robinson H, Chua KY, Kolatkar PR (2003) A 1.7A structure of Fve, a member of the new fungal immunomodulatory protein family. J Mol Biol 332:461–470
Rosén S, Bergström J, Karlsson KA, Tunlid A (1996) A multispecific saline-soluble lectin from the parasitic fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Similarities in the binding specificities compared with a lectin from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Eur J Biochem 238:830–837
She QB, Ng TB, Liu WK (1998) A novel lectin with potent immunomodulatory activity isolated from both fruiting bodies and cultured mycelia of the edible mushroom Volvariella volvacea. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247:106–111
Jeurink PV, Noguera CL, Savelkoul HF, Wichers HJ (2008) Immunomodulatory capacity of fungal proteins on the cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int Immunopharmacol 8:1124–1133
Romagnani S (1999) Th1/Th2 cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 5:285–294
Matsuda S, Moriguchi T, Koyasu S, Nishida E (1998) T lymphocyte activation signals for interleukin-2 production involve activation of MKK6-p38 and MKK7-SAPK/JNK signaling pathways sensitive to cyclosporin A. J Biol Chem 273:12378–12382
Roy S, Chapin RB, Cain KJ, Charboneau RG, Ramakrishnan S, Barke RA (1997) Morphine inhibits transcriptional activation of IL-2 in mouse thymocytes. Cell Immunol 179:1–9
Whitehurst CE, Boulton TG, Cobb MH, Geppert TD (1992) Extracellular signal-regulated kinases in T cells. Anti-CD3 and 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced phosphorylation and activation. J Immunol 148:3230–3237
Ihle JN (2001) The Stat family in cytokine signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:211–217
Aaronson DS, Horvath CM (2002) A road map for those who don’t know JAK-STAT. Science 296:1653–1655
Valentino L, Pierre J (2006) JAK/STAT signal transduction: regulators and implication in hematological malignancies. Biochem Pharmacol 71:713–721
Pujari R, Nagre NN, Chachadi VB, Inamdar SR, Swamy BM, Shastry P (2010) Rhizoctonia bataticola lectin (RBL) induces mitogenesis and cytokine production in human PBMC via p38 MAPK and STAT-5 signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 1800:1268–1275. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.09.003
Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Ambrozak DR, Chatterji M, Betts MR, Davis LS, Koup RA (2002) Expansion of activated human naïve T-cells precedes effector function. Clin Exp Immunol 130:432–440
Johnston JA, Bacon CM, Finbloom DS, Rees RC, Kaplan D, Shibuya K, Ortaldo JR, Gupta S, Chen YQ, Giri JD, O’Shea JJ (1995) Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT5, STAT3, and Janus kinases by interleukins 2 and 15. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:8705–8709
Gonsky R, Deem RL, Bream J, Young HA, Targan SR (2004) Enhancer role of STAT5 in CD2 activation of IFN-gamma gene expression. J Immunol 173:6241–6247
Lafont V, Dornand J, Covassin L, Liautard JP, Favero J (1996) The lectin jacalin triggers CD4-mediated lymphocyte signaling by binding CD4 through a protein–protein interaction. J Leukoc Biol 59:691–696
Acknowledgments
Ms. Pooja Arora gratefully acknowledges the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, for providing the Senior Research Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arora, P., Dilbaghi, N. & Chaudhury, A. Opportunistic invasive fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina prognosis from immunocompromised humans to potential mitogenic RBL with an exceptional and novel antitumor and cytotoxic effect. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31, 101–107 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1275-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1275-1