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Three-dimensional hydrofacies assemblages in ice-contact/proximal sediments forming a heterogeneous ‘hybrid’ hydrostratigraphic unit in central Illinois, USA

Disposition tridimensionnelle des hydrofaciès dans des sédiments périglaciaires formant une unité hydrostratigraphique ‘hybride’ hétérogène dans l’Illinois central, Etats Unis d’Amérique

Ensamblajes de hidrofacies tridimensionales en sedimentos proximales en contacto con el hielo que forman una unidad hidroestratigrafica híbrida en el centro de Illinois, EEUU

美国伊利诺斯州中部构成异质“混合物”水文地层单元的冰接触/临近沉积物中三维水相组合

Conjuntos de hidrofácies tridimensionais em sedimentos formados próximo ou em contacto com gelo formando uma unidade hidroestratigráfica heterogénea "híbrida" no centro de Illinois, EUA

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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3-D) hydrostratigraphic modelling of glacial sediment assemblages was undertaken as part of a groundwater study in central Illinois, USA. Sediments comprising these assemblages, informally referred to as the Glasford deglacial unit, form discontinuous sand-gravel layers including small aquifer zones, and fine-grained interstratified layers that may impede groundwater movement. This unit is stratigraphically above a regional aquitard overlying the important Mahomet aquifer. The study improves understanding of the internal stratigraphic architecture and hydrostratigraphic character of the unit. Data include descriptions of continuous cores, profiles of near-surface and downhole geophysical logs, and sediment descriptions from water well logs. Discrete bounding surfaces constructed using gOcad represent the main lithofacies assemblages forming a 3-D framework. The framework was further partitioned into a 3-D cellular grid for mapping the spatial distribution of fine- and coarse-grained facies. Hydraulic conductivity (K G) estimates were used to convert these lithofacies into hydrofacies. Medium- to coarse-grained hydrofacies (K G = 1.25 × 10−5 m/s) represent 46 % of the total volume, the remainder being fine-grained hydrofacies (K G = 3.01 × 10−8 m/s). The spatial pattern of these hydrofacies is highly heterogeneous, thus, designating the Glasford deglacial unit as an aquifer or aquitard would be conceptually misleading. The term “hybrid hydrostratigraphic unit” is introduced to better represent conceptually this type of unit in hydrostratigraphic models.

Résumé

La modélisation tridimensionnelle hydrostratigraphique (3-D) des assemblages de sédiments glaciaires a été entreprise comme partie d’une étude d’eaux souterraines dans l’Illinois central, Etats Unis d’Amérique. Les sédiments de ce complexe, appelé simplement unité périglaciaire de Glasford, comportent des couches de sables et de graviers incluant des petits niveaux aquifères et des dépôts à grains fins pouvant empêcher le déplacement de l’eau. Stratigraphiquement, cette unité surmonte un aquitard régional recouvrant l’important aquifère Mahomet. L’étude améliore la connaissance de l’architecture stratigraphique et des caractéristiques hydrographiques de l’unité. Les données incluent la description complète des carottes, des logs géophysiques de sub-surface et fond de trou, et la description des sédiments des forages d’eau. Des surfaces discrètes construites avec gOcad représentent les principaux assemblages de lithofaciès formant un cadre 3-D. Puis ce cadre a été divisé par une grille cellulaire 3-D pour représenter la distribution spatiale des faciès de granulométrie fine et grossière. Les estimations de la conductivité hydraulique (K G) ont été utilisées pour convertir ces lithofaciès en hydrofaciès. Les hydrofaciès fins à grossiers (K G = 1.25 × 10−5 m/s) représentent 46 % du volume total, le restant étant représenté par des hydrofaciès à grains fins (K G = 3.01 × 10−8 m/s). La particularité de ces hydrofaciès est d’être hautement hétérogène, ainsi la désignation de l’unité périglaciaire de Glasford en tant qu’aquifère ou qu’aquitard serait conceptuellement une erreur. Le terme « unité stratigraphique hybride» est introduit pour mieux représenter conceptuellement ce type d’unité dans des modèles hydrostratigraphiques.

Resumen

Se realizó una modelación hidroestratigráfica tridimensional (3-D) del ensamblaje de sedimentos glaciales como parte de un estudio de agua subterránea en Illinois central, EEUU. Los sedimentos que comprendían estos ensamblajes, informalmente denominados como la unidad deglacial Glasford, forman capas discontinuas de arenas y gravas incluyendo pequeñas zonas de acuíferos, y capas interestratificadas de grano fino que pueden impedir el movimiento del agua subterránea. Esta unidad está estratigráficamente por encima de un acuitardo regional que cubre al importante acuífero Mahomet. El estudio mejora la comprensión de la arquitectura estratigráfica interna y del carácter hidroestratigráfico de la unidad. Los datos incluyen descripciones de testigos continuos, perfiles de registros geofísicos cercanos a la superficie y en profundidad, y descripciones de sedimentos de a partir de perfilajes de pozos de agua. Las superficies discretas de contorno construidas usando gOcad representan los principales ensamblajes de las litofacies que forman el marco 3-D. El marco fue posteriormente particionado en una grilla de células 3-D para mapear la distribución espacial de facies de granos finos y gruesos. Las estimaciones de la conductividad hidráulica (K G) fueron usadas para convertir estas litofacies en hidrofacies. Las hidrofacies de grano medio a grueso (K G = 1.25 × 10−5 m/s) representan el 46 % del volumen total, siendo el resto hidrofacies de grano fino (K G = 3.01 × 10−8 m/s). La configuración espacial de estas hidrofacies es altamente heterogénea, de manera que la designar la unidad deglacial Glasford como un acuífero o acuitardo sería conceptualmente erróneo. Se introduce el término “unidad hidroestratigráfica híbrida” para representar mejor conceptualmente este tipo de unidades en modelos hidroestratigráficos.

摘要

作为美国伊利诺斯州地下水研究的一部分,对冰川沉积物组合的三维水文地层进行了模拟。构成这些组合的沉积物,通俗地称为Glasford冰消期单元,形成了包括小的含水层带的非连续砂砾层及阻碍地下水运移的细颗粒层间层。这个单元地层上来说位于覆盖着重要的Mahomet含水层的区域隔水层之上。研究增进了对单元内部地层结构和水文地层特征的了解和认识。资料包括连续岩心、近地表剖面和井内地球物理测井描述及水井测井的沉积物描述。利用gOcad建立的离散界面代表形成三维框架的主要岩相组合。框架被进一步分割为一个三维单元格,用于细颗粒和粗颗粒相空间分布填图。用水力传导率 (K G) 估算数把这些岩相换算成水相。中到粗颗粒水相 (K G = 1.25 × 10−5 m/s) 代表总体积的46%,剩下的为细颗粒水相 (K G = 3.01 × 10−8 m/s)。这些水相的空间模式高度非均质,因此,把Glasford冰消期单元标作一个含水层或隔水层概念上会产生误导。引用术语“混合物水文地层单元”可以更好地从概念上表述水文地层模型中这类单元。

Resumo

Como parte de um estudo de águas subterrâneas no centro de Illinois (EUA), foi realizada modelação tridimensional (3-D) hidroestratigráfica de sedimentos glaciais. O conjunto desses sedimentos é informalmente conhecido como unidade deglacial Glasford, formando camadas descontínuas de areia-cascalho incluindo pequenas zonas aquíferas e camadas interestratificadas de grão fino, que podem impedir o movimento da água subterrânea. Esta unidade está estratigraficamente acima de um aquitardo regional, sobrejacente ao importante aquífero Maomé. O estudo aumenta a compreensão da arquitetura estratigráfica interna e do caráter hidroestratigráfico da unidade. Os dados incluem descrições de carotagem contínua, perfis geofísicos sub-superficiais e de poços, e descrições de sedimentos provenientes de perfis de poços de água. Superfícies limitantes discretas, construídas usando o gOcad, representam as principais litofácies, formando uma estrutura 3-D. A estrutura foi ainda dividida numa grelha celular em 3-D para o mapeamento da distribuição espacial das fácies de grão fino e de grão grosseiro. Foram utilizadas estimativas da condutividade hidráulica (K G) para converter estas litofácies em hidrofácies. Hidrofácies de grão médio a grosseiro (K G =1.25 × 10−5 m/s) representam 46 % do volume total, sendo as restantes hidrofácies de grão fino (K G =3.01 × 10−8 m/s). O padrão espacial destas hidrofácies é muito heterogêneo, pelo que, designar a unidade deglacial Glasford como um aquífero ou aquitardo seria conceitualmente enganoso. O termo "unidade hidroestratigráfica híbrida" é introduzido para melhor representar conceitualmente este tipo de unidade em modelos hidroestratigráficos.

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Acknowledgements

This research was part of a Master of Science (MSc) degree completed by L. Atkinson at the University of Waterloo. This study was made possible largely through funding by Illinois American Water and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS). Additional financial support was provided to M. Ross by the Canadian Water Network and the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Amec-Geomatrix Consultants Inc. also provided a graduate scholarship to L. Atkinson. The authors would like to thank Richard Berg and David Larson for their helpful comments and suggestions, which improved the original version of this manuscript.

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Atkinson, L.A., Ross, M. & Stumpf, A.J. Three-dimensional hydrofacies assemblages in ice-contact/proximal sediments forming a heterogeneous ‘hybrid’ hydrostratigraphic unit in central Illinois, USA. Hydrogeol J 22, 1605–1624 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1156-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1156-7

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