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Simulated impacts of artificial groundwater recharge and discharge on the source area and source volume of an Atlantic Coastal Plain stream, Delaware, USA

Impacts simulés de prélèvement et de réalimentation artificielle de l’aire d’alimentation d’un ruisseau de plaine côtière atlantique, Delaware, Etats-Unis

Impactos simulados de recarga y descarga artificial de agua subterránea en área y volúmenes de la fuente en una corriente de la Atlantic Coastal Plain, Delaware, EEUU

人工地下水补给和排泄对美国Delaware大西洋滨海平原某河流源区面积和体积的影响的模拟

Simulação dos impactes da recarga artificial de águas subterrâneas e da descarga na área de origem na origem do volume de água de um ribeiro da Planície Costeira Atlântica, Delaware, EUA

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Abstract

A numerical groundwater-flow model was used to characterize the source area and volume of Phillips Branch, a baseflow-dominated stream incising a highly permeable unconfined aquifer on the low relief Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Particle-tracking analyses indicate that the source area (5.51 km2) is ∼20% smaller than the topographically defined watershed (6.85 km2), and recharge entering ∼37% of the surface watershed does not discharge to Phillips Branch. Groundwater residence time within the source volume ranges from a few days to almost 100 years, with 95% of the volume “flushing” within 50 years. Artificial discharge from groundwater pumping alters the shape of the source area and reduces baseflow due to the interception of stream flow paths, but has limited impacts on the residence time of groundwater discharged as baseflow. In contrast, artificial recharge from land-based wastewater disposal substantially reduces the source area, lowers the range in residence time due to the elimination of older flow paths to the stream, and leads to increased discharge to adjacent surface-water bodies. This research suggests that, in this and similar hydrogeologic settings, the “watershed” approach to water-resource management may be limited, particularly where anthropogenic stresses alter the transport of soluble contaminants through highly permeable unconfined aquifers.

Résumé

Un modèle numérique d’écoulement souterrain était utilisé pour caractériser le bassin versant d’alimentation du Phillips Branch, un ruisseau généralement peu influencé par lesécoulement superficiel qui recoupe un aquifère libre fortement perméable dans le relief faible de la Péninsule de Delmarva, Etats-Unis. Le suivi des particules indique que la surface d’alimentation (5.51 km²) est inférieure d’environ 20 % à l’aire du bassin versant topographique (6.85 km²), et que environ 37 % du volume de réalimentation du bassin versant superficiel ne se retrouve pas à l’exutoire du Philips Branch. Le temps de séjour souterrain est compris entre quelques jours et 100 ans, avec 95 % du volume total étant « étant évacué » en moins de 50 ans. La décharge par pompage altère la forme du domaine d’écoulement et réduit le débit de base lié à l’interception des chenaux d’écoulement, mais a un impact limité sur les temps de séjour des eaux souterraines alimentant le débit de base. Par contre, la réalimentation artificielle par les installations d’assainissement diminue l’aire d’alimentation, réduit le temps de séjour en évitant les cheminements longs vers le ruisseau, et augmente l’alimentation des masses d’eau superficielles adjacentes. Cette recherche suggère que, dans un contexte hydrogéologique similaire, « l’approche par bassin versant » de la gestion des eaux peut présenter certaines limites, notamment lorsque des contraintes anthropiques modifient le transport de polluants solubles à travers des aquifères libres fortement perméables.

Resumen

Un modelo de flujo numérico de agua subterránea fue usado para caracterizar el área y volúmenes fuente de Phillips Branch, una corriente dominada por flujo base que incisiona un acuífero no confinado altamente permeable en el relieve bajo de la península Delmarva, EEUU. El análisis de seguimiento de partículas indican que el área fuente (5.51 km2) es ∼20% más pequeña que la cuenca definida topográficamente (6.85 km2), y que la recarga entrante que es ∼37% de la superficie de la cuenca no descarga al Phillips Branch. El tiempo de residencia del agua subterránea dentro del volumen de la fuente varía entre pocos días a a casi 100 años, con 95% del volumen “escurrido” en 50 años. La descarga artificial a partir del bombeo del agua subterránea altera la forma del área fuente y reduce el flujo de base debido a la intercepción de las trayectorias del flujo de la corriente, pero tiene impactos limitados en el tiempo de residencia del agua subterránea que descarga como flujo de base. En contraste, la recarga artificial a partir de la disposición de aguas residuales en la tierra reduce sustancialmente el área fuente, disminuye el intervalo del tiempo de residencia debido a la eliminación de viejas trayectorias del flujo hacia la corriente, y conduce una descarga incrementada a cuerpos adyacentes de aguas superficiales. Esta investigación sugiere que, en esta y similares configuraciones hidrogeológicas, el enfoque de la “cuenca de drenaje” para el manejo del recurso agua puede estar limitado, particularmente donde las tensiones antropogénica alteran el transporte de contaminantes solubles a través de acuíferos no confinados altamente permeables.

摘要

应用地下水流动数值模型描述Phillips Branch河源区的面积和体积。该河以基流为主, 切割了美国地势平缓的Delmarva半岛上一个高渗透潜水含水层。质点径迹分析表明, 补给区 (5.51 km2) 较之按地形圈定的流域面积 (6.85 km2) 小 ∼ 20%, 地表流域 ∼37%的补给量未泄入Phillips Branch河。源区地下水滞留时间自几天至接近100年, 95%在50年内。由于阻截了径流路径, 抽取地下水造成的人工排泄改变了补给区的形状, 并使基流量减少, 但是对以基流形式排泄的地下水的驻留时间的影响有限。相反, 由于来自陆地污水处理场的人工补给消除了以前到河流的径流路径, 明显缩小了源区面积, 并减小了驻留时间的变化范围, 导致向邻近地表水体的排泄量增加。该研究表明, 在这种和类似的水文地质背景中, 水资源管理中的流域方法可能是有局限的, 特别是在人类活动改变了强透水潜水含水层中可溶污染物迁移的地区。

Resumo

Foi utilizado um modelo numérico de fluxo de águas subterrâneas para caracterizar a área de origem e o volume de água de Phillips Branch, um ribeiro dominado por fluxo de base incidindo num aquífero livre de elevada permeabilidade nas terras baixas da Península Delmarva, EUA. Análises de rastreio de partículas indicam que a área de origem (5.51 km2) é aproximadamente 20% menor do que a bacia hidrográfica definida topograficamente (6.85 km2), e que a recarga que ocorre em cerca de 37% da superfície da bacia hidrográfica não descarrega para o ribeiro Phillips Branch. O tempo de residência das águas subterrâneas correspondentes aos volumes de descarga no ribeiro varia de poucos dias a quase 100 anos, com 95% do volume de “saídas” a ocorrem no prazo de 50 anos. A descarga artificial efectuada pelo bombeamento das águas subterrâneas modifica a forma da área de origem e reduz o fluxo de base, devido à intercepção das linhas de fluxo do ribeiro, mas tem impacte limitado sobre o tempo de residência das águas subterrâneas descarregadas como fluxo de base. Ao contrário, a recarga artificial por águas residuais reduz substancialmente a área de origem, diminui o intervalo no tempo de residência, devido à eliminação das linhas de fluxo antigas que corriam para o ribeiro, e leva ao aumento da descarga para massas de água superficiais adjacentes. Esta pesquisa sugere que, nas condições hidrogeológicas presentes e similares, a abordagem da “bacia hidrográfica” para a gestão dos recursos hídricos pode ser limitada, especialmente quando as pressões antropogénicas alteram o transporte de contaminantes solúveis em aquíferos não confinados de elevada permeabilidade.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC), Delaware Geological Survey (DGS), US Geological Survey (USGS), and Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Delaware for providing data and financial and in kind support to J.W. Kasper, while a graduate student. A.S. Andres (DGS), S.W. Ator (USGS), and S.C. Cooper (USGS) are gratefully acknowledged for reviewing the draft manuscript and providing valuable suggestions for its improvement. Two anonymous reviewers provided constructive comments that greatly improved the final manuscript.

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Kasper, J.W., Denver, J.M., McKenna, T.E. et al. Simulated impacts of artificial groundwater recharge and discharge on the source area and source volume of an Atlantic Coastal Plain stream, Delaware, USA. Hydrogeol J 18, 1855–1866 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0641-x

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