Skip to main content
Log in

Influence of Timber Harvesting Alternatives on Forest Soil Respiration and Its Biophysical Regulatory Factors over a 5-year Period in the Missouri Ozarks

  • Published:
Ecosystems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We investigated the variability of soil respiration and several potential regulatory factors and modeled their interrelationships from May to August over a 5-year period in oak forests subjected to alternative harvesting treatments as part of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP). Treatments included even-aged management (EAM), uneven-aged management (UAM), and no-harvest management (NHM) and were implemented 7–8 years prior to this study. Summer mean soil respiration did not differ among the treatments, possibly because of changes in treatment differences in the separate months and years that tended to cancel each other out when averaged. Summer mean soil respiration and soil moisture tended to be higher in wet years (2004, 2006, and 2008) and lower in dry years (2005 and 2007) in EAM and UAM than in NHM. Summer precipitation was assumed to be the primary driver of variability in summer mean soil respiration through its control on soil moisture and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the harvested forests. Nonlinear models using soil temperature, soil moisture and day-of-the-year (DOY) were used to predict within-summer soil respiration for all the treatments. A sensitivity analysis of the model using 30 min interval data suggested that soil respiration was more sensitive to soil moisture in the EAM and UAM treatments than in NHM. We also found a change in the soil respiration–soil temperature relationship in the summer for all the treatments. Simulated data sets that removed the covariance structure between soil temperature and moisture suggested that the change in the respiration–temperature relationship resulted from the combined effect of moisture stress and low temperature sensitivity at high temperatures during July and August. Simulations also showed the effect of moisture stress to be more limiting to soil respiration in the harvested forests than in the control at high temperatures, even resulting in a negative relationship at high temperatures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asensio D, Peñuelas J, Llusià J, Ogaya R, Filella I. 2007. Interannual and interseasonal soil CO2 efflux and VOC exchange rates in a Mediterranean holm oak forest in response to experimental drought. Soil Biol Biochem 39:2471–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borken W, Savage K, Davidson EA, Trumbore SE. 2006. Effects of experimental drought on soil respiration and radiocarbon efflux from a temperate forest soil. Glob Chang Biol 12:177–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borken W, Xu YJ, Davidson EA, Beese F. 2002. Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests. Glob Chang Biol 8:1205–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes PC, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS. 1985. Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 17:837–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brookshire B, Shifley S. 1997. Proceedings of the Missouri Ozark forest ecosystem project symposium: an experimental approach to landscape research. General Technical Report. NC–193. St. Paul, MN: USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

  • Brown S. 1996. Mitigation potential of carbon dioxide emissions by management of forests in Asia. AMBIO 25:273–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JL, Law BE. 2005. Forest soil respiration across three climatically distinct chronoseqeunces. Biogeochemistry 73:109–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JL, Sun OJ, Law BE. 2004. Supply-side controls on soil respiration among Oregon forests. Glob Chang Biol 10:1857–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Vance GF, Pendall E, Stahl PD. 2008. Timber harvesting alters soil carbon mineralization and microbial community structure in coniferous forests. Soil Biol Biochem 40:1901–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Saunders SC, Crow TR, Naiman RJ, Brosofske KD, Mroz GD, Brookshire BL, Franklin JF. 1999. Microclimatic in forest ecosystems and landscapes. Bioscience 49:288–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Brosofske KD, Noormets A, Crow TR, Bresee MK, Le Moine JM, Euskirchen ES, Mather SV, Zheng D. 2004. A working framework for quantifying carbon sequestration in disturbed land mosaics. Environ Manag 33:210–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Concilio A, Chen J, Ma S, North M. 2009. Precipitation drives interannual variation in summer soil respiration in a Mediterranean-climate, mixed-conifer forest. Clim Chang 92:109–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Concilio A, Ma S, Li Q, LeMoine J, Chen J, North M, Moorhead D, Jensen R. 2005. Soil respiration response to experimental disturbance in mixed conifer and hardwood forests. Can J For Res 35:1581–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curiel Yuste J, Janssens IA, Carrara A, Meiresonne L, Ceulemans R. 2003. Interactive effects of temperature and precipitation on soil respiration in a temperate maritime pine forest. Tree Physiol 23:1263–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curiel Yuste J, Janssens IA, Carrara A, Ceulemans R. 2004. Annual Q10 of soil respiration reflects plant phenological patterns as well as temperature sensitivity. Glob Chang Biol 10:161–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis PS, Vogel CS, Gough CM, Schmid HP, Su HB, Bovard BD. 2005. Respiratory carbon losses and the carbon-use efficiency of a northern hardwood forest, 1999–2003. New Phytol 167:437–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Belk E, Boone RD. 1998. Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest. Glob Chang Biol 4:217–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Janssens IA, Luo Y. 2006. On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems moving beyond Q10. Glob Chang Biol 12:154–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis SC, Hessl AE, Scott CJ, Adams MB, Thomas RB. 2009. Forest carbon sequestration changes in response to timber harvest. For Ecol Manag 258:2101–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeForest JL, Noormets A, McNulty SG, Sun G, Tenney G, Chen J. 2006. Phenophases alter the soil respiration-temperature relationship in an oak-dominated forest. Int J Biometeorol 51:135–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeForest JL, Chen J, McNulty SG. 2009. Leaf litter is an important mediator of soil respiration in an oak-dominated forest. Int J Biometeorol 53:127–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doane TA, Horwáth WR. 2003. Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate with a single reagent. Anal Lett 36:2713–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards NT, Harris WF. 1977. Carbon cycling in a mixed deciduous forest floor. Ecology 58:431–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards NT, Sollins P. 1973. Continuous measurement of C dioxide evolution from partitioned forest floor components. Ecology 54:406–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson E. 2006. Thinning operations and their impact on biomass production in stands of Norway spruce and Scots pine. Biomass Bioenerg 30:848–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang C, Moncrieff JB. 2001. The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature. Soil Biol Biochem 33:155–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO. 2006. Global forest resource assessment 2005: progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO forestry paper 147, FAO, Rome, Italy. p78.

  • Flanagan PW, Veum AK. 1974. Relationships between respiration, weight loss, temperature and moisture in organic residues on tundra. In: Holding AJ, Heal OW, MacClean SF Jr, Flanagan PW, Eds. Soil organisms and decomposition in tundra. Stockholm, Sweden: IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee. p 249–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraterrigo JM, Balser TC, Turner MG. 2006. Microbial community variation and its relationship with nitrogen mineralization in historically altered forests. Ecology 87:570–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan SM, Daube BC, Wofsy SC. 1996. Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability. Science 271:1576–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson PJ, O’Neill EG, Chambers MLS, Riggs JS, Joslin JD, Wolfe MH. 2003. Soil respiration and litter decomposition. In: Hanson PJ, Wullschleger SD, Eds. North American temperate deciduous forest responses to changing precipitation regimes. New York: Springer. p 163–89.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson R. 2007. Partitioning soil CO2 efflux through vertical profiles of manipulated forests in MOFEP. Toledo: The University of Toledo.

  • Hendrix PF, Parmelee RW, Crossley DA Jr, Coleman DC, Odum EP, Groffman PM. 1986. Detritus food webs in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems. Bioscience 36:374–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley TM, Dougherty PM, Lassoie JP, Roberts JE, Teskey RO. 1979. A severe drought: impact on tree growth, phenology, net photosynthetic rate and water relations. Am Mid Nat 102:307–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Högberg P, Nordgren A, Buchmann N, Taylor AFS, Ekblad A, Högberg MN, Nyberg G, Ottosson-Löfvenius M, Read DJ. 2001. Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration. Nature 411:789–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine J, Law BE, Martin JG, Vickers D. 2008. Interannual variation in soil CO2 efflux and the response of root respiration to climate and canopy gas exchange in mature ponderosa pine. Glob Chang Biol 14:2848–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jandl R, Lindner M, Bauwens B, Vesterdal L, Baritz R, Hagedorn F, Johnson DW, Minkkinen K, Byrne KA. 2007. Review: how strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? Geoderma 137:253–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssens IA, Lankreijer H, Matteucci G, Kowalski AS, Buchmann N, Epron D, Pilegaard K, Kutsch W, Longdoz B, Grunwald T, Montagnani L, Dore S, Rebmann C, Moors EJ, Grelle A, Rannik U, Morgenstern K, Oltchev S, Clement R, Gudmundsson J, Minerbi S, Berbigier P, Ibrom A, Moncrieff J, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Jensen NO, Vesala T, Granier A, Schulze ED, Lindroth A, Dolman AJ, Jarvis PG, Ceulemans R, Valentini R. 2001. Productivity overshadows temperature in determining soil and ecosystem respiration across European forests. Glob Chang Biol 7:269–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DW. 1992. Effects of forest management on soil carbon storage. Water Air Soil Pollut 64:83–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DW, Curtis PS. 2001. Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: meta analysis. For Ecol Manag 140:227–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joslin J, Wolfe M, Hanson PJ. 2000. Effects of altered water regimes on forest root systems. New Phytol 147:117–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joslin JD, Wolfe MH, Hanson PJ. 2001. Factors controlling the timing of root elongation intensity in a mature upland oak stand. Plant Soil 228:201–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabrick J, Meinert D, Nigh T. 2000. Physical plot characteristics with landform, soil, and site quality. In: Shifley SR, Brookshire BL, Eds. Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project: site history soils landforms, woody and herbaceous vegetation, down wood, and inventory methods for the landscape experiment. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service. p 149–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalonde RG, Prescott CE. 2007. Partitioning heterotrophic and rhizospheric soil respiration in a mature Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest. Can J For Res 37:1287–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavigne MB, Foster RJ, Goodine G. 2004. Seasonal and annual changes in soil respiration in relation to soil temperature, water potential and trenching. Tree Physiol 24:415–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Law BE, Ryan MG, Anthoni PM. 1999. Seasonal and annual respiration of a ponderosa pine ecosystem. Glob Chang Biol 5:169–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Nakane K, Nakatsubo T, Koizumi H. 2003. Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Plant Soil 255:311–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lellei-Kovács E, Kovács-Láng E, Kalapos T, Botta-Dukát Z. 2008. Soil respiration and its main limiting factors in a semiarid sand forest-steppe ecosystem-results of a climate simulation experiment. Cereal Res Commun 36:1223–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Chen J, Moorhead DJ, DeForest JL, Jensen R, Henderson R. 2007. Effects of timber harvest on carbon pools in Ozark forests. Can J For Res 37:2337–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linn DM, Doran JW. 1984. Effects of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48:1267–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd J, Taylor JA. 1994. On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Funct Ecol 8:315–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Y, Zhou X. 2006. Soil respiration and the environment. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma S, Chen J, Butnor JR, North M, Euskirchen ES, Oakley B. 2005. Biophysical controls on soil respiration in dominant patch types of an old-growth mixed conifer forest. For Sci 51:221–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma S, Chen J, North M, Erickson HE, Bresee M, Le Moine J. 2004. Short-term effects of experimental treatments on soil respiration in an old-growth, mixed-conifer forest. Environ Manag 33:148–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallik AU, Hu D. 1997. Soil respiration following site preparation treatments in boreal mixedwood forest. For Ecol Manag 97:265–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JG, Bolstad PV, Ryu SR, Chen J. 2009. Modeling soil respiration based on carbon, nitrogen, and root mass across diverse Great Lake forests. Agric For Meteorol 149:1722–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oberbauer SF, Gillespie CT, Cheng W, Gebauer R, Sala Serra A, Tenhunen JD. 1992. Environmental effects of CO2 efflux from riparian tundra in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska. Oecologia 92:568–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogée J, Lamaud E, Brunet Y, Berbigier P, Bonnefond JM. 2001. A long-term study of soil heat flux under a forest canopy. Agric For Meteorol 106:173–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi M, Gyokusen K, Saito A. 2000. Contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D Don) artificial forest. Ecol Res 15:323–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettorelli N, Olav Vik J, Mysterud A, Gaillard JM, Tucker CJ, Stenseth N. 2005. Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends Ecol Evol 20:503–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponder F Jr, Tadros M. 2002. Phospholipid fatty acids in forest soil four years after organic matter removal and soil compaction. Appl Soil Ecol 19:173–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pregitzer KS, Euskirchen ES. 2004. Carbon cycling and storage in world forests: biome patterns related to forest age. Glob Chang Biol 10:2052–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putuhena WM, Cordery I. 1996. Estimation of interception capacity of the forest floor. J Hydrol 180:283–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Y, Xu M, Wu J. 2002. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration and its effects on ecosystem carbon budget: nonlinearity begets surprises. Ecol Mod 153:131–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raich JW, Schlesinger WH. 1992. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus 44:81–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhine ED, Sims GK, Mulvaney RL, Pratt EJ. 1998. Improving the Berthelot reaction for determining ammonium in soil extracts and water. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:473–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson AD, Braswell BH, Hollinger DY, Burman P, Davidson EA, Evans RS, Flanagan LB, Munger JW, Savage K, Urbanski SP, Wofsy SC. 2006. Comparing simple respiration models for eddy flux and dynamic chamber data. Agric For Meteorol 141:219–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan MG, Binkley D, Fownes JH. 1997. Age-related decline in forest productivity: pattern and process. Adv Ecol Res 27:213–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu SR, Concilio A, Chen J, North M, Ma S. 2009. Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning effects on belowground conditions and soil respiration in a mixed-conifer forest, California. For Ecol Manag 257:1324–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savage KE, Davidson EA. 2001. Interannual variation of soil respiration in two New England forests. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 15:337–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Denton LE, Sparks KL, Monson RK. 2003. Spatial and temporal controls over soil respiration rate in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Soil Biol Biochem 35:525–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shifley S, Brookshire B. 2000. Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project: site history, soils, landforms, woody and herbaceous vegetation down wood, and inventory methods for the landscape experiment. General Technical Report NC–208. St. Paul, MN: USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

  • Shifley S, Kabrick J. 2002. Proceedings of the second Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project Symposium: post-treatment results of the landscape experiment. General Technical Report NC–227. St. Paul, MN: USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

  • Smithwick EAH, Harmon ME, Remillard SM, Acker SA, Franklin JF. 2002. Potential upper bounds of carbon stores in the Pacific Northwest. Ecol Appl 12:1303–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Striegl R, Wickland K. 1998. Effects of a clear-cut harvest on soil respiration in a jack pine lichen woodland. Can J For Res 28:534–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagesson T. 2006. Calibration and analysis of soil carbon efflux estimates with closed chambers at Forsmark and Laxemar. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Corporation.

  • Tang J, Qi Y, Xu M, Misson L, Goldstein AH. 2005. Forest thinning and soil respiration in a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada. Tree Physiol 25:57–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanré D, Deroo C, Duhaut P, Herman M, Morcrette J, Perbos J, Deschamps P. 1990. Description of a computer code to simulate the satellite signal in the solar spectrum: the 5 S code. Int J Remote Sens 11:659–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teillet PM, Barker JL, Markham BL, Irish RR, Fedosejevs G, Storey JC. 2001. Radiometric cross-calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-5 TM sensors based on tandem data sets. Rem Sens Environ 78:39–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS. 1987. Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils: the use of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils. Soil Biol Biochem 19:697–702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valentini R, Matteucci G, Dolman AJ, Schulze ED, Rebmann C, Moors EJ, Granier A, Gross P, Jensen NO, Pilegaard K, Lindroth A, Grelle A, Bernhofer A, Grünwald T, Aubinet M, Ceulemans R, Kowalski AS, Vesala T, Rannik Ü, Berbigier P, Loustau Dümundsson J, Thorgeirsson H, Ibrom A, Morgenstern K, Clement R, Moncrieff J, Montagnani L, Minerbi S, Jarvis PG. 2000. Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature 404:861–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent G, Shahriari AR, Lucot E, Badot PM, Epron D. 2006. Spatial and seasonal variations in soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest with fluctuating water table. Soil Biol Biochem 38:2527–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wan S, Luo Y. 2003. Substrate regulation of soil respiration in a tallgrass prairie: results of a clipping and shading experiment. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 17:1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber MG. 1990. Forest soil respiration after cutting and burning in immature aspen ecosystems. For Ecol Manag 31:1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildung RE, Garland TR, Buschbom RL. 1975. The interdependent effects of TS and water content on RS rate and plant root decomposition in arid grassland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 7:373–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Baldocchi DD, Tang J. 2004. How soil moisture, rain pulses, and growth alter the response of ecosystem respiration to temperature. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB4002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu M, Chen J, Qi Y. 2002. Growing-season temperature and soil moisture along a 10 km transect across a forested landscape. Clim Res 22:57–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu M, Qi Y. 2001. Soil-surface CO2 efflux and its spatial and temporal variations in a young ponderosa pine plantation in northern California. Glob Chang Biol 7:667–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zak DR, Pregitzer KS, King JS, Holmes WE. 2000. Elevated atmospheric CO2 fine roots and the response of soil microorganisms: a review and hypothesis. New Phytol 147:201–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the subject editor (Dr. Paul Bolstad) and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed, constructive suggestions on earlier versions of this manuscript. We are also grateful to the following individuals for their various contributions to the project: Taylor Troiani, Ashley Rhea, Sally Betz, and John Graham for their much-appreciated assistance with the field work at MOFEP, and Jared Hawkins and Eric Wellman for their considerable help on the soil properties analysis. Many thanks also go to the Missouri Department of Conservation and the University of Toledo for providing financial and scholarly support for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianye Xu.

Additional information

Author Contributions

Jianye Xu conceived of or designed study, performed research, analyzed data, contributed new methods or models, wrote the paper, Jiquan Chen conceived of or designed study, contributed new methods or models, wrote the paper, Kimberley Brosofske analyzed data, contributed new methods or models, wrote the paper, Qinglin Li performed research, wrote the paper, Michael Weintraub contributed new methods or models, Rachel Henderson performed research, wrote the paper, Burkhard Wilske analyzed data, wrote the paper, Ranjeet John contributed new methods or models, Randy Jensen performed research, wrote the paper, Haitao Li analyzed data, wrote the paper, Changliang Shao analyzed data, wrote the paper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xu, J., Chen, J., Brosofske, K. et al. Influence of Timber Harvesting Alternatives on Forest Soil Respiration and Its Biophysical Regulatory Factors over a 5-year Period in the Missouri Ozarks. Ecosystems 14, 1310–1327 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9482-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9482-2

Keywords

Navigation