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Postoperative pain and systemic inflammatory stress response after preoperative analgesia with clonidine or levobupivacaine: a randomized controlled trial

Postoperativer Schmerz und systemische Entzündungs-Stress-Reaktion nach präoperativer Gabe von Clonidin und Levobupivacain: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie

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Zusammenfassung

ZIEL DER STUDIE: Mit einer adäquaten perioperativen Schmerzkontrolle kann man zentrale und periphere Entzündungsreaktion auf eine Operation sowie das Ergebnis von Operationen kontrollieren. Der Einsatz von Analgetika vor dem Schmerzreiz (Präventive Analgesie) verhindert die Entwicklung von neuroplastischen Veränderungen im ZNS und vermindert den Schmerz. Wir untersuchten die Hypothese, ob eine präoperative epidurale oder intrathekale Gabe von Clonidin den postoperativen Schmerz und die postoperative systemische Entzündungs-Stress-Reaktion besser vermindert als Levobupivacain. METHODEN: In einer kontrollierten, randomisierten Studie wurden 42 Patienten vor einer kolorektalen Resektion in 3 Gruppen geteilt: Gruppe 1 (n = 17) erhielt präoperativ epidural 5 µg/kg Clonidin, Gruppe 2 (n = 12) 2,5 mg/ml Levobupivacain und Gruppe 3 als Kontrolle (n = 13) Kochsalz. Die folgenden Parameter wurden vor der Operation, 1 h nach Operationsbeginn, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h und 24 h nach der Operation erhoben: Procalcitonin (PCT), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) und postoperatives Schmerzniveau. ERGEBNISSE: Alter, Geschlecht, BMI, Körperoberfläche und Operationsdauer der Gruppen waren nicht signifikant unterschiedlich. Gruppe 1 (Clonidingruppe) hatte signifikant (p < 0,05) niedrigere PCT und IL-6 Werte im Vergleich zu beiden anderen Gruppen. Auch das postoperative Schmerzniveau in Ruhe und bei Bewegung war in Gruppe 1 vor allem 1 h nach der Operation signifikant (p < 0,05) niedriger (VAS = 0,82 und 1,18) im Vergleich zu Gruppe 2 (VAS = 5,25 und 6,67) und auch zu Gruppe 3 (VAS = 7,08 und 8,31). SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Unsere Ergebnisse unterstützen die Bedeutung des zentralen Effekts von Clonidin auf die Schmerzbahnen und auf die Blockade der systemischen Entzündungs-Stress-Reaktion.

Summary

AIM: With adequate control of perioperative pain it is possible to control central and peripheral inflammatory responses to surgery and influence patient outcomes. Use of analgesics before the pain stimulus (preventive analgesia) obstructs development of neuroplastic changes in the central nervous system and reduces pain. Our investigation hypothesis is that preoperative central (epidural or intrathecal) clonidine will reduce postoperative pain and the systemic inflammatory stress response more effectively than levobupivacaine. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. METHODS: Forty-two patients undergoing colorectal resection surgery were allocated into three groups receiving a preoperative epidural dose of (i) clonidine 5 µg/kg (n = 17), (ii) levobupivacaine 2.5 mg/ml (n = 12) or (iii) saline as a control group (n = 13). Procalcitonin, interleukin-6 and pain levels were assessed before operation, 1 h after starting, and then at 1, 6, 12 and 24 h after operation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups of patients in age, sex, body-mass index, body surface area and operation time. We demonstrated significant reduction (P < 0.05) in levels of procalcitonin and interleukin-6 in the preoperative clonidine group compared with the preoperative levobupivacaine and control groups. Postoperative pain levels at rest and on movement were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the clonidine group, especially 1 h after surgery (VAS 0.82 and 1.18), than in the levobupivacaine group (VAS 5.25 and 6.67) and the control group (VAS 7.08 and 8.31). CONCLUSION: These results support the importance of the central effect of clonidine on pain pathways and blockade of the systemic inflammatory stress response.

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Correspondence to Jasminka Persec.

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Persec, J., Persec, Z. & Husedzinovic, I. Postoperative pain and systemic inflammatory stress response after preoperative analgesia with clonidine or levobupivacaine: a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121, 558–563 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1221-8

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