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High-intensity Interval training enhances mobilization/functionality of endothelial progenitor cells and depressed shedding of vascular endothelial cells undergoing hypoxia

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European Journal of Applied Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Exercise training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation, whereas hypoxic stress causes vascular endothelial dysfunction. Monocyte-derived endothelial progenitor cells (Mon-EPCs) contribute to vascular repair process by differentiating into endothelial cells. This study investigates how high-intensity interval (HIT) and moderate-intensity continuous (MCT) exercise training affect circulating Mon-EPC levels and EPC functionality under hypoxic condition.

Methods

Sixty healthy sedentary males were randomized to engage in either HIT (3-min intervals at 40 and 80 % VO2max for five repetitions, n = 20) or MCT (sustained 60 % VO2max, n = 20) for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks, or to a control group (CTL) that did not received exercise intervention (n = 20). Mon-EPC characteristics and EPC functionality under hypoxic exercise (HE, 100 W under 12 % O2) were determined before and after HIT, MCT, and CTL.

Results

The results demonstrated that after the intervention, the HIT group exhibited larger improvements in VO2peak, estimated peak cardiac output (QC), and estimated peak perfusions of frontal cerebral lobe (QFC) and vastus lateralis (QVL) than the MCT group. Furthermore, HIT (a) increased circulating CD14++/CD16−/CD34+/KDR+ (Mon-1 EPC) and CD14++/CD16+/CD34+/KDR+ (Mon-2 EPC) cell counts, (b) promoted the migration and tube formation of EPCs, (c) diminished the shedding of endothelial (CD34−/KDR+/phosphatidylserine+) cells, and (d) elevated plasma nitrite plus nitrate, stromal cell-derived factor-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A concentrations at rest or following HE, compared to those of MCT. In addition, Mon-1 and -2 EPC counts were directly related to VO2peak and estimated peak QC, QFC, and QVL.

Conclusions

HIT is superior to MCT for improving hemodynamic adaptation and Mon-EPC production. Moreover, HIT effectively enhances EPC functionality and suppresses endothelial injury undergoing hypoxia.

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Abbreviations

Mon-EPCs:

Monocyte-derived endothelial progenitor cells

HIT:

High-intensity interval

MCT:

Moderate-intensity continuous

HE:

Hypoxic exercise

QC :

Cardiac output

QFC :

Peak perfusions of frontal cerebral lobe

QVL :

Vastus lateralis

Mon-1 EPC:

CD14++/CD16−/CD34+/KDR+

Mon-2 EPC:

CD14++/CD16+/CD34+/KDR+

KDR+ :

Kinase domain receptor-positive

CTL:

Control group

VO2max :

Maximal O2 consumption

HR:

Heart rate

GXT:

Graded exercise test

V E :

Minute ventilation

VCO2 :

Carbonic dioxide production

NICOM:

Noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitoring system

SV:

Stroke volume

SVC:

Systemic vascular conductance

NIR:

Near-infrared

FC:

Left frontal cortex

VL:

Left vastus lateralis muscle

PBMCs:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

PE:

Phycoerythrin

HSC:

Hemangioblast stem cell

EPC:

Early endothelial progenitor cell

CEP:

Endothelial precursor cell

PS+ :

CD34−/KDR+/phosphatidylserine+

ECIS:

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing

ET:

Effective time

T max :

Maximum impedance

NO:

Nitric oxide

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the volunteers for their enthusiastic participation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Healthy Aging Research Center, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan

    Hsing-Hua Tsai, Chin-Pu Lin, Yi-Hui Lin & Jong-Shyan Wang

  2. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 204, Taiwan

    Chih-Chin Hsu & Jong-Shyan Wang

  3. Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 204, Taiwan

    Jong-Shyan Wang

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  1. Hsing-Hua Tsai
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  2. Chin-Pu Lin
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  3. Yi-Hui Lin
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  5. Jong-Shyan Wang
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jong-Shyan Wang.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan (Grant Number NSC 100-2314-B-182-004-MY3), Chang Gung Medical Research Program (Grant number CMRPD190173), and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University (Grant Number EMRPD1A0841).

Conflict of interest

No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.

Additional information

Communicated by David C. Poole.

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Tsai, HH., Lin, CP., Lin, YH. et al. High-intensity Interval training enhances mobilization/functionality of endothelial progenitor cells and depressed shedding of vascular endothelial cells undergoing hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 116, 2375–2388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3490-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3490-z

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