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Primitive andesites from the Taupo Volcanic Zone formed by magma mixing

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Abstract

Andesites with Mg# >45 erupted at subduction zones form either by partial melting of metasomatized mantle or by mixing and assimilation processes during melt ascent. Primitive whole rock basaltic andesites from the Pukeonake vent in the Tongariro Volcanic Centre in New Zealand’s Taupo Volcanic Zone contain olivine, clino- and orthopyroxene, and plagioclase xeno- and antecrysts in a partly glassy matrix. Glass pools interstitial between minerals and glass inclusions in clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase as well as matrix glasses are rhyolitic to dacitic indicating that the melts were more evolved than their andesitic bulk host rock analyses indicate. Olivine xenocrysts have high Fo contents up to 94%, δ18O(SMOW) of +5.1‰, and contain Cr-spinel inclusions, all of which imply an origin in equilibrium with primitive mantle-derived melts. Mineral zoning in olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase suggest that fractional crystallization occurred. Elevated O isotope ratios in clinopyroxene and glass indicate that the lavas assimilated sedimentary rocks during stagnation in the crust. Thus, the Pukeonake andesites formed by a combination of fractional crystallization, assimilation of crustal rocks, and mixing of dacite liquid with mantle-derived minerals in a complex crustal magma system. The disequilibrium textures and O isotope compositions of the minerals indicate mixing processes on timescales of less than a year prior to eruption. Similar processes may occur in other subduction zones and require careful study of the lavas to determine the origin of andesite magmas in arc volcanoes situated on continental crust.

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Acknowledgements

We thank P. Appel and B. Mader for help during the microprobe work in Kiel, A. Weinkauf for help during XRF and D. Garbe-Schönberg and U. Westernstroer for their help during ICP-MS analyses in Kiel. C. Beier thanks A. and J. Weller and E. and J. Beier for their persistence in supporting a manuscript that started many years ago. We acknowledge the help of A. Kraetschell with the ASTER GDEM data. We acknowledge the constructive reviews of an anonymous reviewer and T. Rooney during one of his stays in the Detroit Lufthansa Senator Lounge. We thank P. Kelemen, R. Price and J. Gamble for their helpful and constructive comments on a previous version of the manuscript.

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  1. GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany

    Christoph Beier, Karsten M. Haase, Philipp A. Brandl & Stefan H. Krumm

  2. GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany

    Philipp A. Brandl

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  1. Christoph Beier
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  2. Karsten M. Haase
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  3. Philipp A. Brandl
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  4. Stefan H. Krumm
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christoph Beier.

Additional information

Communicated by Jochen Hoefs.

Electronic supplementary material

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Supplemental Fig. 1

Major element variation diagrams of the Pukeonake whole rocks, groundmass glasses and Pukeonake glass inclusions (GI) and minerals. Glass inclusions are coloured based on their host minerals. Pukeonake melt pools refer to larger glass inclusions in the matrix (>50 µm). The similarity of glass inclusions from the matrix, glass inclusions from clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase hosts implies a limited diffusive equilibration and post-entrapment crystallization (PDF 218 kb)

Supplemental Fig. 2

Major element variation diagrams of the Pukeonake (a–b) clinopyroxenes, orthopyroxenes, olivines and (d–f) plagioclase crystals with core and rim compositions, respectively (PDF 179 kb)

Supplemental Table 1

Pukeonake whole rock, glass and glass inclusion compositions. Matrix glasses and glass inclusion major elements were measured by electron microprobe, whole rock major elements were determined by XRF and whole rock trace element analyses were analysed by solution ICP-MS (see main text for analytical methods). Trace element concentrations marked with star were determined by XRF. Major elements are given in (wt%), trace elements in (ppm) (XLS 63 kb)

Supplemental Table 2

Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine and oxide mineral compositions analyzed by electron microprobe. Oxygen isotope compositions determined by laser fluorination (see main text for analytical methods). Numbering of minerals denotes similar crystals. Values of 0.00 are below limits of detection (b.l.d.), n.d. = not determined, n.c. = not calculated (XLS 157 kb)

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Beier, C., Haase, K.M., Brandl, P.A. et al. Primitive andesites from the Taupo Volcanic Zone formed by magma mixing. Contrib Mineral Petrol 172, 33 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1354-0

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