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The influence of the Gulf Stream on wintertime European blocking

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Abstract

Wintertime blocking is responsible for extended periods of anomalously cold and dry weather over Europe. In this study, the influence of the Gulf Stream sea surface temperature (SST) front on wintertime European blocking is investigated using a reanalysis dataset and a pair of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations. The AGCM is forced with realistic and smoothed Gulf Stream SST, and blocking frequency over Europe is found to depend crucially on the Gulf Stream SST front. In the absence of the sharp SST gradient European blocking is significantly reduced and occurs further downstream. The Gulf Stream is found to significantly influence the surface temperature anomalies during blocking periods and the occurrence of associated cold spells. In particular the cold spell peak, located in central Europe, disappears in the absence of the Gulf Stream SST front. The nature of the Gulf Stream influence on European blocking development is then investigated using composite analysis. The presence of the Gulf Stream SST front is important in capturing the observed quasi-stationary development of European blocking. The development is characterised by increased lower-tropospheric meridional eddy heat transport in the Gulf Stream region and increased eddy kinetic energy at upper-levels, which acts to reinforce the quasi-stationary jet. When the Gulf Stream SST is smoothed the storm track activity is weaker, the development is less consistent and European blocking occurs less frequently.

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Notes

  1. Although the cut-off between eddy and low-pass variables is abrupt, E·D maps produced with 2–6 day band pass filtered eddies and 8-day low-pass filtered background flows are qualitatively very similar.

  2. This is type B cyclogenesis (e.g. Petterssen and Smebye 1971; Hoskins et al. 1985). Type A cyclogenesis also occurs close to the Gulf Stream (Gray and Dacre 2006) but more intense cyclogenesis in this region has been attributed to type B processes (Sanders 1986).

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Acknowledgments

During this study we benefitted from thought-provoking discussions with Dr. Akira Yamazaki and Dr. Masahiro Watanabe. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 22106008, 26287110).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

    Christopher H. O’Reilly & Shoshiro Minobe

  2. Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

    Akira Kuwano-Yoshida

  3. Department of Physics, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK

    Christopher H. O’Reilly

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Correspondence to Christopher H. O’Reilly.

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O’Reilly, C.H., Minobe, S. & Kuwano-Yoshida, A. The influence of the Gulf Stream on wintertime European blocking. Clim Dyn 47, 1545–1567 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2919-0

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