Skip to main content
Log in

Evaporation-precipitation variability over Indian Ocean and its assessment in NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2)

  • Published:
Climate Dynamics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An attempt has been made to explore all the facets of Evaporation-Precipitation (E-P) distribution and variability over the Indian Ocean (IO) basin using Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) data and subsequently a thorough assessment of the latest version of National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFS) version-2 is done. This study primarily focuses on two fundamental issues, first, the core issue of pervasive cold SST bias in the CFS simulation in the context of moisture flux exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean and second, the fidelity of the model in simulating mean and variability of E-P and its elemental components associated with the climatic anomalies occurring over the Indian and the Pacific ocean basin. Valuation of evaporation and precipitation, the two integral component of E-P, along with the similar details of wind speed, air-sea humidity difference (\(\Updelta Q\)) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) are performed. CFS simulation is vitiated by the presence of basin wide systematic positive bias in evaporation, \(\Updelta Q\) and similar negative bias in wind speed and SST. Bifurcation of the evaporation bias into its components reveals that bias in air humidity (\(\hbox{Q}_{a}\)) is basically responsible for the presence of pervasive positive evaporation bias. The regions where CFS does not adhere to the observed wind-evaporation and \(\hbox{Q}_{a}\)-evaporation relation was found to lie over the northern Arabian Sea (AS), the western Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the western Equatorial IO. Evaporation bias is found to control a significant quantum of cold SST bias over most of the basin owing to its intimate association with SST in a coupled feedback system. This area is stretched over the almost entire north IO, north of \(15^{\circ}\hbox{S}\) excluding a small equatorial strip, where the evaporation bias may essentially explain 20–100 % of cold SST bias. This percentage is maximum over the western IO, central AS and BoB. The CFS simulation comply the distinct feature of the observed mean annual cycle of evaporation and precipitation, but with the additive systematic bias over most of the region. El Niño and negative Indian Ocean Dipole (NIOD) seems to have much better control over the interannual variability of evaporation in the CFS simulation, contrary to the observation where El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole (PIOD) has the larger say. Both El Niño and PIOD (La Niña and NIOD) have the negative (positive) influence on the basin wide evaporation with the exception over a limited region and this relation holds for the twain. The seasonal (JJA and SON) locking of El Niño and PIOD to evaporation and precipitation is displayed by the north-south and east-west asymmetric correlation pattern respectively and this is much perspicuous in the observation as compared to the CFS. The conjoined influence of El Niño and PIOD on evaporation (precipitation) reveals the dominance of PIOD (PIOD + El Niño) response in case of both the observation as well as the CFS. This study will lead a way forward to rectify the ubiquitous cold SST bias in the CFS simulation and help in establishing the credibility of the CFS in terms of seasonal predictability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler RF, Huffman GJ, Chang A, Ferraro R, Xie P, Janowiak J, Rudolf B, Schneider U, Curtis S, Bolvin D, Gruber A, Susskind J, Arkin P, Nelkin E (2003) The version 2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979- present). J Hydro Meteorol 4:1147–1167

    Google Scholar 

  • Alory G, Wijffels S, Meyers GM (2007) Observed temperature trends in the indian ocean over 1960–1999 and associated mechanisms. Geophys Res Lett 34, doi:10.1029/2006GL028044

  • Annamalai H, Liu P, Xie SP (2005) Southwest Indian Ocean SST variability: its local effect and remote influence on Asian monsoons. J Clim 18:4150–4167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai H, Murtugudde R, Potemra J, Xie SP, Liu P, Wang B (2003) Coupled dynamics over the Indian Ocean: spring initiation of the zonal mode. Deep-Sea Res II 50:2305–2330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashok K, Guan ZY, Yamagata T (2001) Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and ENSO. Geophys Res Lett 28:4499-4502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behera SK, Luo JJ, Masson S, Rao SA, Sakuma H, Yamagata T (2006) A CGCM study on the interaction between IOD and ENSO. J Clim 19:1608–1705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentamy A, Katsaros KB, Mestas-Nuez AM, Drennan WM, Forde EB, Roquet H (2003) Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans. J Clim 16:637–656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat GS (2003) Some salient features of the atmosphere observed over the north Bay of Bengal during BOBMEX, in earth and planetary sciences. Indian Acad Sci 122(2):131–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollasina M, Nigam S (2009) Indian Ocean SST, evaporation, and precipitation during the South Asian summer monsoon in IPCC-AR4 coupled simulations. Clim Dyn 33:1017–1032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JW, Brown OB, Evans RH (1993) Calibration of AVHRR infared channels: a new approach to non-linear correction. J Geophys Res 98:18257–18268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadet DL, Greco S (1987) Water vapour transport over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 summer monsoon. Part I: Water vapour fluxes. Mon Weather Rev 115:653–663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang P, Ji L, Li H (1997) A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic ocean from thermodynamic airsea interactions. Nat Biotechnol 385(6616):516–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charney JG, Shukla J (1981) Predictability of monsoons. In: Lighthill J, Pearce RP (eds) Monsoon dynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 99–108

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhari HS, Pokhrel S, Saha SK, Dhakate A, Yadav RK, Salunke K, Mahapatra S, Sabeerali CT, Rao SA (2012) Model biases in long coupled runs of NCEP CFS in the context of Indian summer monsoon. Int J Climatol pp 1–13, doi:10.1002/joc.3489

  • Clarke AJ, Liu X, Gorder SV (1998) Dynamics of the biennial oscillation in the equatorial Indian and far western Pacific Oceans. J Clim 11:987–1001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clough SA, Shephard MW, Mlawer EJ, Delamere JS, Iacono MJ, Cady-Pereira K, Boukabara S, Brown PD (2005) Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: a summary of the AER codes. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 91:233–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ek MB, Mitchell KE, Lin Y, Rogers E, Grunmann P, Koren V, Gayno G, Tarplay JD (2003) Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J Geophys Res 1089(D22):8851 doi:10.1029/2002JD003296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu X, Wang B, Li T, McCreary JP (2003) Coupling between northward-propagating, intraseasonal oscillations and sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean. J Atmos Sci 60:1733–1753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil S, Vinayachandran PN, Francis PA (2004) Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and the equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation. Geophys Res Lett 31:L12213 doi:10.1029/2004GL019733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson JK, Kallberg P, Uppala S, Hernandez A, Nomura A, Serrano E (1997) ERA description, ECMWF re-analysis project report series 1, ECMWF. Reading, UK, pp 86

  • Griffies SM, Harrison MJ, Pacanowski RC, Rosati A (2004) A technical guide to MOM4, GFDL ocean group technical report 5, GFDL, pp 337

  • Hartmann L, Michelsen ML (1993) Large-scale effects on the regulation of sea surface temperature. J Clim 6:2049–2060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastenrath S (1984) Interannual variability and the annual cycle: Mechanisms of circulation and climate in the tropical Atlantic sector. Mon Weather Rev 112:1097–1107

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastenrath S, Greischar L (1993) The monsoonal heat budget of the hydrosphere-atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean sector. J Geophys Res 98:6869–6881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Held IM, Soden BJ (2006) Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. J Clim 19:5686–5699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang BH, Kinter JL (2002) Interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res 107:3199 doi:10.1029/2001JC001278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iacono MJ, Mlawer EJ, Clough SA, Morcrette J-J (2000) Impact of an improved longwave radiation model, RRTM, on the energy budget and thermodynamic properties of the NCAR community climate model, CCM3. J Geophys Res 105:14873–14890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph PV (1990) Warm pool in the Indian Ocean and monsoon onset. Trop Ocean-atmos Newsl 53:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamitsu M, Ebisuzaki W, Woollen J, Yang S-K, Hnilo JJ, Fiorino M, Potter GL (2002) NCEP-DEO AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). Buli Am Meteor Soc 83:1631–1643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang IS, Jin K, Wang B, Lau K-M, Shukla J, Krishnamurthy V, Schubert SD, Wailser DE, Stern WF, Kitoh A, Meehl GA, Kanamitsu M, Galin VY, Satyan V, Park C-K, Liu Y (2002) Intercomparison of the climatological variations of Asian summer monsoon precipitation simulated by 10 GCMs. Clim Dyn., 19:383–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YJ, Arakawa A (1995) Improvement of orographic gravity wave parameterization using a meso-scale gravity wave model. J Atmos Sci 52:1875–1902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein SA, Soden BJ, Lau NC (1999) Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge. J Clim 12:917–932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knutson TR, Manabe S (1995) Time-mean response over the tropical Pacific to increased CO2 in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J Clim 8:2181–2199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna Kumar K, Rajgopalan B, Cane MK (1999) On the weakening relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Sci Agric 284:2156–2159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Large WG, Nurser AJG (2001) Ocean surface water mass transformation. In: Siedler G, Church J, Gould J (eds) Ocean circulation and climate. Academic, San Diego pp 317–336

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lau KM, Sui CH, Chou MD, Tao WK (1994) An inquiry into the cirrus-cloud thermostat effect for tropical sea surface temperature. Geophys Res Lett 21:1157–1160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau NC, Nath MJ (2000) Impact of ENSO on the variability of the Asian-Australian monsoons as simulated in GCM experiments. J Clim 13:4287–4309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence DM, Webster PJ (2002) The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation: relationship between northward and eastward movement of convection. J Atmos Sci 59:1593–1606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Wang B, Chang CP, Zhang Y (2003) A theory for the Indian Ocean dipole-zonal mode. J Atmos Sci 60:2119–2135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin JL, Han W, Lin X (2008) Observational analysis of the wind-evaporation-SST feedback over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Atmos Sci Lett 9:231–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindzen RS, Nigam S (1987) On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J Atmos Sci 44:2418–2436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WT, Katsargos KB, Businger JA (1979) Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J Atmos Sci 36:1722–1735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz DJ, DeWeaver ET, Vimont DJ (2010) Evaporation change and global warming: the role of net radiation and relative humidity. J Geophys Res 115:D20118, doi:10.1029/2010JD013949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lott F, Miller MJ (1997) A new sub grid scale orographic drag parameterization: its performance and testing. Q J R Meteorol Soc 123:101–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden MJ (1982) Variability in the central equatorial Indian Ocean, Part II: Oceanic heat and turbulent energy balances. J Mar Res 40:403–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Murtugudde R, Busalacchi AJ (1982) Interannual variability of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean. J Clim 12:2300–2326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nigam S, Shen HS (1993) Structure of oceanic and atmospheric low-frequency variability over the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. Part I: COADS observations. J Clim 6:657–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pokhrel S, Chaudhari HS, Saha SK, Dhakate A, Yadav RK, Salunke K, Mahapatra S, Rao SA (2012) ENSO, IOD and Indian summer monsoon in NCEP climate forecast system. Clim Dyn 1–23. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1349-5

  • Ramesh Kumar MR, Schulz J (2002) Analysis of freshwater flux climatology over the Indian Ocean using the HOAPS data. Remote Sens Environ 80:363–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao KG, Goswami B (1988) Interannual variations of sea surface temperature over the Arabian sea and the Indian monsoon: a new perspective. Mon Weather Rev 116:558–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao SA, Behera SK (2005) Subsurface influence on the SST in the tropical Indian Ocean: structure and interannual variability. Dyn Atmos Oceans 39:103–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao SA, Behera SK, Masumoto Y, Yamagata T (2002) Interannual variability in the subsurface tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis on the Indian Ocean Dipole. Deep Sea Res II 49:1549–1572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao SA, Dhakate A, Saha SK, Mahapatra S, Chaudhari HS, Pokhrel S, Sahu SK (2012) Why is Indian Ocean warming consistently? Clim Change 110:709–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmusson EM, Carpenter TH (1983) The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon Weather Rev 111:517–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosati A, Miyakoda K (1988) A general circulation model for upper ocean simulation. J Phys Oceanogr 18:1601–1626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha S, Moorthi S, Pan H-L, Wu X, Wang J, Nadiga S, Tripp P, Kistler R, Woollen J, Behringer D, Liu H, Stokes D, Grumbine R, Gayno G, Wang J, Hou YT, Chuang HY, Juang H-MH, Sela J, Iredell M, Treadon R, Kleist D, Delst PV, Keyser D, Derber J, Ek M, Meng J, Wei H, Yang R, Lord S, Dool HVD, Kumar A, Wang W, Long C, Chelliah M, Xue Y, Huang B, Schemm JK, Ebisuzaki W, Lin R, Xie P, Chen M, Zhou S, Higgins W, Zou CZ, Liu Q, Chen Y, Han Y, Cucurull L, Reynolds RW, Rutledge G, Goldberg M (2010) The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis. Bull Am Meteor Soc 91:1015–1057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha SK, Pokhrel S, Chaudhari HS, Dhakate A, Shewale S, Sabeerali CT, Salunke K, Hazra A, Mahaptra S, Rao AS (2012) Improved simulation of Indian summer monsoon in latest NCEP climate forecast system free run. Int J Climatol (under review)

  • Sahany S, Venugopal V, Nanjundiah RS (2010) Diurnal-scale signatures of monsoon rainfall over the Indian region from TRMM satellite observations. J Geophys Res 115:D02103. doi:10.1029/2009JD012644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saji NH, Goswami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nat Biotechnol 401:360–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt RW, Wijffels SE (1993) The role of the oceans in the global water cycle. In: McBean GA, Hantel M (eds) Interactions between global climate subsystems Vol 75. Geophys Monogr Am Geophys Union pp 77–84

  • Schott FA, Xie SP, McCreary J (2009) Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Rev Geophys 47:RG1002. doi:10.1029/2007RG000245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta D, BharathRaj GN, Shenoi SSC (2006) Surface freshwater from Bay of Bengal runoff and Indonesian throughflow in the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 33:L22609. doi:10.1029/2006GL027573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla J (1975) Effect of Arabian Sea Surface temperature anomaly on Indian summer monsoon: A numerical experiment with the GFDL model. J Atmos Sci 32:503–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla J (1987) Interannual variability of monsoon. In Fein JS, Stephens PL (eds) Monsoons. Wiley, New York, pp 399–464

  • Shukla J, Fennessy MJ (1994) Simulation and predictability of monsoons, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Monsoon Variability and Prediction. Tech. Rep. WCRP-84, Geneva, Switzerland, World Climate Research Program, pp 567–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikka DR (1980) Some aspects of the large-scale fluctuations of summer monsoon rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the planetary and regional scale circulation parameters. Proc Ind Acad Sci 89:179–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Gordon AL, Visbeck M (2004) Spreading of the Indonesian throughflow in the Indian Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 34:772–792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanimoto Y, Nakamura H, Kagimoto T, Yamane S (2003) An active role of extratropical sea surface temperature anomalies in determining anomalous turbulent heat flux. J Geophys Res 108:3304. doi:10.1029/2002JC001750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi GA, Soden BJ, Wittenberg AT, Held IM, Leetma A, Harrison MJ (2006) Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing. Nature 441:73–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi GA, Xie S-P, Fischer AS (2004) Ocean-atmosphere covariability in the Western Arabian Sea. J Clim 17:1213–1224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinayachandran PN, Francis PA, Rao AS (2009) Indian Ocean dipole: processes and impacts. Curr. Sci., Current trend in science, platinum jublee special, pp 569–589

  • Vinayachandran PN, Neema CP, Mathew S, Remya R (2012) Mechanisms of summer intraseasonal sea surface temperature oscillations in the Bay of Bengal. J Geophys Res 117:C01005. doi:10.1029/2011JC007433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinayachandran PN, Shetye SR (1991) The warm pool in the Indian Ocean. Earth Planet Sci 100:165–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinayachandran PN, Shetye SR, Sengupta D, Gadgil S (1996) Forcing mechanisms of the Bay of Bengal circulation. Curr Sci 71:753–763

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington WM, Chervin RM, Rao GV (1977) Effects of a variety of Indian Ocean surface temperature anomaly patterns on the summer monsoon circulation: experiments with the NCAR general circulation model. Pure Appl Geophys 115:1335–1356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster PJ, Magaa VO, Palmer TN, Shukla J, Tomas RA, Yanai M, Yasunari T (1998) Monsoons: processesp, redictability, and the prospects for prediction. J Geophys Res 103:14451–14510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wentz FJ (1997) A well calibrated ocean algorithm for special sensor microwave /imager. J Geophys Res 102:8703–8718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Moorthi KS, Okomoto K, Pan HL (2005) Sea ice impacts on GFS forecasts at high latitudes, in Eighth Conference on polar meteorology and oceanography. Am Meteor Soc San Diego, CA 7.4

  • Wyrtki K (1971) Oceanographic Atlas of the international Indian ocean expedition, National Science Foundation Publication, OCE/NSF 86-00-001, Washington, DC, pp 531

  • Xie S-P (1999) A dynamic oceanatmosphere model of the tropical Atlantic decadal variability. J Clim 12:64–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie S-P, Annamalai H, Schott FA, McCreary JP (2002) Structure and mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability. J Clim 15:864–878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie S-P, Xu H, Saji NH, Wang Y, Liu WT (2006) Role of narrow mountains in large-scale organization of Asian monsoon convection. J Clim 19:3420–3429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L (2007) Global variations in oceanic evaporation (1958–2005): the role of the changing wind speed. J Clim 20:5376–5390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Jin X, Weller RA (2006) Role of net surface heat flux in the seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature in the Atlantic Ocean. J Clim 19:6153–6169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Weller RA (2007) Objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981–2005). Bull Am Meteor Soc 88:527–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Weller RA, Sun B (2004a) Improving latent and sensible heat flux estimates for the Atlantic Ocean (1988–99) by a synthesis approach. J Clim 17:373–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Weller RA, Sun B (2004b) Mean and variability of the WHOI daily latent and sensible heat fluxes at in situ flux measurement sites in the Atlantic Ocean. J Clim 17:2096–2118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang GJ, Ramanathan V, McPhaden MJ (1995) Convective-evaporation feedback in the equatorial pacific. J Clim 8:3040–3051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Rossow A, Lacis A, Oinas V, Mishchenko M (2004) Calculation of radiative flux profiles from the surface to top-of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: refinements of the radiative transfer model and input data. J Geophys Res 10, doi:10.1029/2003JD004457

  • Zuidema P (2003) Convective clouds over the Bay of Bengal. Mon Weather Rev 131:780–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the project “Estimation and Validation of Fresh Water Flux from Satellites and the Role of Derived Flux on Simulation of Ocean Hydrography and Circulation" under MOP-II of Space Applications Center, ISRO, Ahmedabad. All the data sources (OAFlux and GPCP) and Ferret freeware are duly acknowledged. Authors acknowledge the encouragement from Prof. B. N.Goswami and Dr. Surya Chandra Rao for pursuing this research. Authors also thanks two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samir Pokhrel.

Additional information

This paper is a contribution to the Topical Collection on Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2). CFSv2 is a coupled global climate model and was implemented by National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) in seasonal forecasting operations in March 2011. This Topical Collection is coordinated by Jin Huang, Arun Kumar, Jim Kinter and Annarita Mariotti.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pokhrel, S., Rahaman, H., Parekh, A. et al. Evaporation-precipitation variability over Indian Ocean and its assessment in NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2). Clim Dyn 39, 2585–2608 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1542-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1542-6

Keywords

Navigation