Abstract
The ability to produce dynamic Depth of Field effects in live video streams was until recently a quality unique to movie cameras. In this paper, we present a computational camera solution coupled with real-time GPU processing to produce runtime dynamic Depth of Field effects. We first construct a hybrid-resolution stereo camera with a high-res/low-res camera pair. We recover a low-res disparity map of the scene using GPU-based Belief Propagation, and subsequently upsample it via fast Cross/Joint Bilateral Upsampling. With the recovered high-resolution disparity map, we warp the high-resolution video stream to nearby viewpoints to synthesize a light field toward the scene. We exploit parallel processing and atomic operations on the GPU to resolve visibility when multiple pixels warp to the same image location. Finally, we generate racking focus and tracking focus effects from the synthesized light field rendering. All processing stages are mapped onto NVIDIA’s CUDA architecture. Our system can produce racking and tracking focus effects for the resolution of 640×480 at 15 fps.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Boykov, Y., Veksler, O., Zabih, R.: Fast approximate energy minimization via graph cuts. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(11), 1222–1239 (2001)
Brunton, A., Shu, C., Roth, G.: Belief propagation on the GPU for stereo vision. In: The 3rd Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (2006)
Felzenszwalb, P., Huttenlocher, D.: Efficient belief propagation for early vision. In: CVPR (2004)
Grauer-Gray, S., Kambhamettu, C., Palaniappan, K.: GPU implementation of belief propagation using CUDA for cloud tracking and reconstruction. In: 2008 IAPR Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing (PRRS 2008), pp. 1–4 (2008)
Kolmogorov, V., Zabin, R.: What energy functions can be minimized via graph cuts? IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26(2), 147–159 (2004)
Kopf, J., Cohen, M.F., Lischinski, D., Uyttendaele, M.: Joint bilateral upsampling. In: SIGGRAPH (2007)
Lee, S., Eisemann, E., Seidel, H.P.: Depth-of-field rendering with multiview synthesis. In: SIGGRAPH Asia (2009)
Lee, S., Kim, G.J., Choi, S.: Real-time depth-of-field rendering using anisotropically filtered mipmap interpolation. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 15(3), 453–464 (2009)
Levin, A., Hasinoff, S.W., Green, P., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: 4d frequency analysis of computational cameras for depth of field extension. ACM Trans. Graph. 28 (2009)
Li, F., Yu, J., Chai, J.: A hybrid camera for motion deblurring and depth map super-resolution. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR (2008)
Mcmillan, L., Yang, J.C., Yang, J.C.: A light field camera for image based rendering (2000)
Ng, R.: Fourier slice photography. In: SIGGRAPH (2005)
Ng, R., Levoy, M., Brédif, M., Duval, G., Horowitz, M., Hanrahan, P.: Stanford tech report ctsr 2005-02 light field photography with a hand-held plenoptic camera
Paris, S., Durand, F.: A fast approximation of the bilateral filter using a signal processing approach. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 81(1), 24–52 (2009)
Sawhney, H.S., Guo, Y., Hanna, K., Kumar, R.: Hybrid stereo camera: an IBR approach for synthesis of very high resolution stereoscopic image sequences. In: SIGGRAPH, pp. 451–460 (2001)
Scharstein, D., Szeliski, R.: A taxonomy and evaluation of dense two-frame stereo correspondence algorithms. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 47, 7–42 (2002)
Stroebel, L., Compton, J., Current, I., Zakia, R.: Photographic Materials and Processes (1986)
Sun, J., Zheng, N.N., Shum, H.Y.: Stereo matching using belief propagation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 25(7), 787–800 (2003)
Vaish, V., Levoy, M., Szeliski, R., Zitnick, C., Kang, S.B.: Reconstructing occluded surfaces using synthetic apertures: stereo, focus and robust measures. In: CVPR (2006)
Vaish, V., Wilburn, B., Joshi, N., Levoy, M.: Using plane + parallax for calibrating dense camera arrays. In: CVPR (2004)
Wang, H., Sun, M., Yang, R.: Space-time light field rendering. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 13, 697–710 (2007)
Wang, H., Yang, R.: Towards space: time light field rendering. In: I3D (2005)
Wilburn, B., Joshi, N., Vaish, V., Levoy, M., Horowitz, M.: High-speed videography using a dense camera array. In: CVPR (2004)
Wilburn, B., Joshi, N., Vaish, V., Talvala, E.V., Antunez, E., Barth, A., Adams, A., Horowitz, M., Levoy, M.: High performance imaging using large camera arrays. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 765–776 (2005)
Yang, J.C., Everett, M., Buehler, C., McMillan, L.: A real-time distributed light field camera. In: Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, EGRW ’02, pp. 77–86 (2002)
Yang, Q., Yang, R., Davis, J., Nister, D.: Spatial-depth super resolution for range images. In: CVPR (2007)
Yu, X., Wang, R., Yu, J.: Real-time depth of field rendering via dynamic light field generation and filtering. Comput. Graph. Forum 29(7), 2099–2107 (2010)
Zhang, Z.: A flexible new technique for camera calibration. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(11), 1330–1334 (2000)
Acknowledgements
This project was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants IIS-CAREER-0845268 and IIS-RI-1016395, and by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under the YIP Award.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, Z., Yu, X., Thorpe, C. et al. Racking focus and tracking focus on live video streams: a stereo solution. Vis Comput 30, 45–58 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-013-0778-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-013-0778-4