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Interventional Radiology of Male Varicocele: Current Status

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Abstract

Varicocele is a fairly common condition in male individuals. Although a minor disease, it may cause infertility and testicular pain. Consequently, it has high health and social impact. Here we review the current status of interventional radiology of male varicocele. We describe the radiological anatomy of gonadal veins and the clinical aspects of male varicocele, particularly the physical examination, which includes a new clinical and ultrasound Doppler maneuver. The surgical and radiological treatment options are also described with the focus on retrograde and antegrade sclerotherapy, together with our long experience with these procedures. Last, we compare the outcomes, recurrence and persistence rates, complications, procedure time and cost-effectiveness of each method. It clearly emerges from this analysis that there is a need for randomized multicentre trials designed to compare the various surgical and percutaneous techniques, all of which are aimed at occlusion of the anterior pampiniform plexus.

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Acknowledgment

The authors thank J. A. Gilder (Scientific Communication Srl) for text editing.

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  1. Diagnostic Imaging Department—Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy

    Vittorio Iaccarino & Pietro Venetucci

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  1. Vittorio Iaccarino
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  2. Pietro Venetucci
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Correspondence to Vittorio Iaccarino.

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Iaccarino, V., Venetucci, P. Interventional Radiology of Male Varicocele: Current Status. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 35, 1263–1280 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-012-0350-z

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