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Cartilage tissue engineering and bioreactor systems for the cultivation and stimulation of chondrocytes

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Abstract

Damage to and degeneration of articular cartilage is a major health issue in industrialized nations. Articular cartilage has a particularly limited capacity for auto regeneration. At present, there is no established therapy for a sufficiently reliable and durable replacement of damaged articular cartilage. In this, as well as in other areas of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering methods are considered to be a promising therapeutic component. Nevertheless, there remain obstacles to the establishment of tissue-engineered cartilage as a part of the routine therapy for cartilage defects. One necessary aspect of potential tissue engineering-based therapies for cartilage damage that requires both elucidation and progress toward practical solutions is the reliable, cost effective cultivation of suitable tissue. Bioreactors and associated methods and equipment are the tools with which it is hoped that such a supply of tissue-engineered cartilage can be provided. The fact that in vivo adaptive physical stimulation influences chondrocyte function by affecting mechanotransduction leads to the development of specifically designed bioreactor devices that transmit forces like shear, hydrostatic pressure, compression, and combinations thereof to articular and artificial cartilage in vitro. This review summarizes the basic knowledge of chondrocyte biology and cartilage dynamics together with the exploration of the various biophysical principles of cause and effect that have been integrated into bioreactor systems for the cultivation and stimulation of chondrocytes.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. D. Huster (Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Junior Research Group “Structural Biology of Membrane Proteins), Dr. J. Schiller (University of Leipzig, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics), and Dr. P. Hepp (University of Leipzig, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery) for the illustrations, sketches and micrographs. This work was supported by the “IMBIOTOR”-project of the 5th FP, by the BMBF project “QuantPro”, by the European Funds for Regional Development (# 4212/03-12), and by the formel.1 programme of the Medical Faculty of Leipzig (#55/2005).

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  1. Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Ronny Maik Schulz & Augustinus Bader

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Dedicated to Prof. K. Arnold on the occasion of his 65th birthday.

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Schulz, R.M., Bader, A. Cartilage tissue engineering and bioreactor systems for the cultivation and stimulation of chondrocytes. Eur Biophys J 36, 539–568 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-007-0139-1

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