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Non-target screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry: critical review using a collaborative trial on water analysis

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Abstract

In this article, a dataset from a collaborative non-target screening trial organised by the NORMAN Association is used to review the state-of-the-art and discuss future perspectives of non-target screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry in water analysis. A total of 18 institutes from 12 European countries analysed an extract of the same water sample collected from the River Danube with either one or both of liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection. This article focuses mainly on the use of high resolution screening techniques with target, suspect, and non-target workflows to identify substances in environmental samples. Specific examples are given to emphasise major challenges including isobaric and co-eluting substances, dependence on target and suspect lists, formula assignment, the use of retention information, and the confidence of identification. Approaches and methods applicable to unit resolution data are also discussed. Although most substances were identified using high resolution data with target and suspect-screening approaches, some participants proposed tentative non-target identifications. This comprehensive dataset revealed that non-target analytical techniques are already substantially harmonised between the participants, but the data processing remains time-consuming. Although the objective of a “fully-automated identification workflow” remains elusive in the short term, important steps in this direction have been taken, exemplified by the growing popularity of suspect screening approaches. Major recommendations to improve non-target screening include better integration and connection of desired features into software packages, the exchange of target and suspect lists, and the contribution of more spectra from standard substances into (openly accessible) databases.

Matrix of identification approach versus identification confidence

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of many others who helped during the analysis, reporting and discussion of the results presented here: Philipp Longree, Martin Loos, Matthias Ruff and Jennifer Schollee (Eawag), Margit Petre, Anett Kloß and Werner Brack (UFZ), Reza Aalizadeh, Nikiforos Alygizakis and Pablo Gago Ferrero (University of Athens), Sylvain Merel (University of Tübingen), Alexander van Nuijs, Alin Ionas and Adrian Covaci (University of Antwerp), Martijn Pijnappels (Rijkswaterstaat), Christelle Margoum (Irstea), Claudio Bortolini (University of Padua), Marie-Hélène Devier and Hélène Budzinski (University of Bordeaux, France), Christophe Tondelier and Mathilde Chachignon (VERI), Tobias Bader and Thomas Lucke (Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung), Michael Schlüsener (BfG), Mar Esperanza (Suez Environnement), Siniša Repec (Croatian Waters), Peter Tarabek (Slovak National Water Reference Laboratory), Christoph Ruttkies (IPB, Halle, Germany), the ChemSpider support team, and Thierry Faye from Agilent. The water sample of the Danube was kindly provided by the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (IPCDR) as part of the Joint Danube Survey 3. Author contributions: ELS, HPS, JS, IMI, PO, MK, TS, PH, TL, SG, NST, CZ, and JH were involved in the core team preparing the trial, evaluation, workshop, and publication; MI, TP, RdB, MR, MO, UK, WS, AG, NN, GL, PB, SB, DS, and PR participated in the trial and publication efforts.

This trial was initiated by the NORMAN Association with in-kind contributions from participants; no fee was charged for participation. This work was supported in part by the SOLUTIONS project, which received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 603437.

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Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

No violation of human or animal rights occurred during this investigation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Emma L. Schymanski, Heinz P. Singer & Juliane Hollender

  2. Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41, Koš, Slovak Republic

    Jaroslav Slobodnik, Ildiko M. Ipolyi & Peter Oswald

  3. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany

    Martin Krauss & Tobias Schulze

  4. Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 90187, Umeå, Sweden

    Peter Haglund

  5. Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 8, 85748, Garching, Germany

    Thomas Letzel & Sylvia Grosse

  6. Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece

    Nikolaos S. Thomaidis & Anna Bletsou

  7. Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hoelderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany

    Christian Zwiener

  8. Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

    María Ibáñez & Tania Portolés

  9. Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (Rijkswaterstaat), Zuiderwagenplein 2, 8224 AD, Lelystad, Netherlands

    Ronald de Boer

  10. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway

    Malcolm J. Reid

  11. Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium

    Matthias Onghena

  12. German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany

    Uwe Kunkel

  13. Betriebs- und Forschungslaboratorium, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany

    Wolfgang Schulz

  14. Suez Environnement CIRSEE, 38 rue du président Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France

    Amélie Guillon & Naïke Noyon

  15. Veolia Research and Innovation (VERI), 1 Place de Turenne, 94 417, Saint Maurice Cedex, France

    Gaëla Leroy

  16. UR MALY Freshwater Systems, Ecology and Pollutions, Irstea, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua-CS 70077, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France

    Philippe Bados

  17. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy

    Sara Bogialli

  18. Croatian Waters, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Draženka Stipaničev

  19. NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007, Kjeller, Norway

    Pawel Rostkowski

  20. Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

    Juliane Hollender

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  1. Emma L. Schymanski
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  2. Heinz P. Singer
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  6. Martin Krauss
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  7. Tobias Schulze
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  9. Thomas Letzel
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  28. Juliane Hollender
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Emma L. Schymanski or Juliane Hollender.

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Published in the topical collection High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Analysis with guest editor Aldo Laganà.

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Schymanski, E.L., Singer, H.P., Slobodnik, J. et al. Non-target screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry: critical review using a collaborative trial on water analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 6237–6255 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8681-7

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