Abstract
Summary
In older adults, lower bone density in the proximal femur was associated with increased heart burden, and this association was linked to calcification in the aorta. These results were seen in women but not in men.
Purpose
To determine whether there is an association between lower bone mineral density (BMD) and increased cardiac workload in older adults, and if this association was independent of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC).
Methods
Three hundred thirty-seven participants [mean ± SD age = 70 ± 5 years and BMI = 28 ± 5 kg/m2, 61% females] had BMD determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and AAC determined by radiography. Aortic calcification score (ACS) was determined visually in the L1-L4 vertebrae (range 0–24). Systolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured. The rate pressure product (RPP), a measure of cardiac workload, was determined by multiplying BP and HR.
Results
AAC was present in 205 (61%) participants. Mean ± SD RPP was 9120 ± 1823; range was 5424–18,537. In all participants, ACS was positively associated with log-transformed RPP [LnRPP] (β = 0.011, p < 0.001), and severe calcification was positively associated with LnRPP (β = 0.083, p = 0.004 relative to no calcification). In sex-stratified analyses, these associations were significant only in females. Lower odds of any AAC were observed per 1 g/cm2 increment in femoral neck BMD (OR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.95). A similar trend was evident in women separately (OR = 0.05, 95% CI 0–1.17) but not men. In all participants, femoral neck (β = −0.20, p = 0.04) and total hip BMD (β = −0.17, p = 0.04) were inversely associated with LnRPP after multivariate adjustment. Adjusting additionally for AAC reduced the strength of the association in femoral neck (β = −0.19, p = 0.05) but not total hip BMD (β = −0.17, p = 0.04).
Conclusion
Lower BMD was marginally, but significantly with increased LnRPP, and this relationship was partially mediated by AAC suggesting that older adults, particularly females, with osteoporosis may have an increased cardiovascular risk.
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Acknowledgments
MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. AJR was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Programme Scholarship. DS is support by an Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council RD Wright Biomedical Career Development Fellow. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Belal Khan and Dr. Nayab Khan for their efforts in recruitment for this study, calcification scoring and in database preparation.
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Rodríguez, A.J., Scott, D., Hodge, A. et al. Associations between hip bone mineral density, aortic calcification and cardiac workload in community-dwelling older Australians. Osteoporos Int 28, 2239–2245 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4024-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4024-1