Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mind the (treatment) gap: a global perspective on current and future strategies for prevention of fragility fractures

  • Review
  • Published:
Osteoporosis International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This narrative review considers the key challenges facing healthcare professionals and policymakers responsible for providing care to populations in relation to bone health. These challenges broadly fall into four distinct themes: (1) case finding and management of individuals at high risk of fracture, (2) public awareness of osteoporosis and fragility fractures, (3) reimbursement and health system policy and (4) epidemiology of fracture in the developing world. Findings from cohort studies, randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, in addition to current clinical guidelines, position papers and national and international audits, are summarised, with the intention of providing a prioritised approach to delivery of optimal bone health for all. Systematic approaches to case-finding individuals who are at high risk of sustaining fragility fractures are described. These include strategies and models of care intended to improve case finding for individuals who have sustained fragility fractures, those undergoing treatment with medicines which have an adverse effect on bone health and people who have diseases, whereby bone loss and, consequently, fragility fractures are a common comorbidity. Approaches to deliver primary fracture prevention in a clinically effective and cost-effective manner are also explored. Public awareness of osteoporosis is low worldwide. If older people are to be more pro-active in the management of their bone health, that needs to change. Effective disease awareness campaigns have been implemented in some countries but need to be undertaken in many more. A major need exists to improve awareness of the risk that osteoporosis poses to individuals who have initiated treatment, with the intention of improving adherence in the long term. A multisector effort is also required to support patients and their clinicians to have meaningful discussions concerning the risk-benefit ratio of osteoporosis treatment. With regard to prioritisation of fragility fracture prevention in national policy, there is much to be done. In the developing world, robust epidemiological estimates of fracture incidence are required to inform policy development. As the aging of the baby boomer generation is upon us, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of how bone health can be improved worldwide for all.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY, Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for C, Economic Aspects of O, Osteoarthritis, the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis F (2013) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 24:23–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gallagher JC, Melton LJ, Riggs BL, Bergstrath E (1980) Epidemiology of fractures of the proximal femur in Rochester, Minnesota. Clin Orthop Relat Res 163–171

  3. Port L, Center J, Briffa NK, Nguyen T, Cumming R, Eisman J (2003) Osteoporotic fracture: missed opportunity for intervention. Osteoporos Int 14:780–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. McLellan A, Reid D, Forbes K, Reid R, Campbell C, Gregori A, Raby N, Simpson A (2004) Effectiveness of strategies for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in Scotland (CEPS 99/03). NHS Quality Improvement Scotland

  5. Edwards BJ, Bunta AD, Simonelli C, Bolander M, Fitzpatrick LA (2007) Prior fractures are common in patients with subsequent hip fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 461:226–230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, Abbott TA 3rd, Berger M (2000) Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 15:721–739

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C et al (2004) A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone 35:375–382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Akesson K, Mitchell PJ (2012) Capture the Fracture: a global campaign to break the fragility fracture cycle. In: Stenmark J, Misteli L (eds) World Osteoporosis Day Thematic Report. International Osteoporosis Foundation, Nyon

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, the Advisory Board of the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (2016) A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX: a report prepared for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Arch Osteoporos accepted June, proofs July 2016

  10. Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, Sernbo I, Redlund-Johnell I, Petterson C, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2004) Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 15:175–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (2008) Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001155

  12. Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (2008) Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003376

  13. Wells G, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (2008) Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004523

  14. Albergaria BH, Gomes Silva BN, Atallah ÁN, Fernandes Moça Trevisani V (2010) Intravenous zoledronate for postmenopausal osteoporosis (Protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1–8

  15. Bennett TG, Le Marshall K, Khan F, Wark JD, Brand C (2012) Denosumab for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis (Protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1–10

  16. Fleiss JL (1993) The statistical basis of meta-analysis. Stat Methods Med Res 2:121–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Black DM, Steinbuch M, Palermo L, Dargent-Molina P, Lindsay R, Hoseyni MS, Johnell O (2001) An assessment tool for predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 12:519–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Doherty DA, Sanders KM, Kotowicz MA, Prince RL (2001) Lifetime and five-year age-specific risks of first and subsequent osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 12:16–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lyles KW, Colon-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS et al (2007) Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. N Engl J Med 357:1799–1809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Eastell R, Black DM, Boonen S et al (2009) Effect of once-yearly zoledronic acid five milligrams on fracture risk and change in femoral neck bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:3215–3225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Palacios S, Kalouche-Khalil L, Rizzoli R et al (2015) Treatment with denosumab reduces secondary fracture risk in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Climacteric 18:805–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH et al (1999) Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) investigators. JAMA 282:637–645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR et al (2001) Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 344:1434–1441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E et al (2004) The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 350:459–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Roux C, Reginster JY, Fechtenbaum J et al (2006) Vertebral fracture risk reduction with strontium ranelate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis is independent of baseline risk factors. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 21:536–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Seeman E, DeVogelaer JP, Lorenc RS, Spector T, Brixen K, Vellas B, Balogh A, Stucki G, Meunier PJ, Reginster JY (2004) Strontium ranelate: the first anti-osteoporotic agent to reduce the risk of vertebral fracture in patients with lumbar osteopenia. IOF World Congress on Osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int, Rio de Janeiro, pp 507–509

    Google Scholar 

  27. International Osteoporosis Foundation (2016) Capture the Fracture® program website: audits & surveys page. http://www.capturethefracture.org/audits-surveys Accessed 30 March 2016

  28. British Orthopaedic Association, British Geriatrics Society (2007) The care of patients with fragility fracture. 2nd edn

  29. Fragility Fracture Network (2016) Fragility Fracture Network: global regions. http://fragilityfracturenetwork.org/global-regions/ Accessed 4 April 2016

  30. Royal College of Physicians (2016) The National Hip Fracture Database. http://www.nhfd.co.uk/ Accessed 4 April 2016

  31. Hawkes D, Baxter J, Bailey C, Holland G, Ruddlesdin J, Wall A, Wykes P (2015) Improving the care of patients with a hip fracture: a quality improvement report. BMJ Qual Saf 24:532–538

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Royal College of Physicians (2015) National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) annual report 2015. London

  33. Ganda K, Puech M, Chen JS, Speerin R, Bleasel J, Center JR, Eisman JA, March L, Seibel MJ (2013) Models of care for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 24:393–406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2005) Bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate, risedronate), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene) and parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Technology appraisal guidance 87

  35. Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Gamble GD, Reid IR (2010) Effect of osteoporosis treatment on mortality: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1174–1181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Huntjens KM, van Geel TA, van den Bergh JP, van Helden S, Willems P, Winkens B, Eisman JA, Geusens PP, Brink PR (2014) Fracture liaison service: impact on subsequent nonvertebral fracture incidence and mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am 96:e29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McLellan AR, Wolowacz SE, Zimovetz EA, Beard SM, Lock S, McCrink L, Adekunle F, Roberts D (2011) Fracture liaison services for the evaluation and management of patients with osteoporotic fracture: a cost-effectiveness evaluation based on data collected over 8 years of service provision. Osteoporos Int 22:2083–2098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Giles M, Van Der Kallen J, Parker V, Cooper K, Gill K, Ross L, McNeill S (2011) A team approach: implementing a model of care for preventing osteoporosis related fractures. Osteoporos Int 22:2321–2328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bogoch ER, Elliot-Gibson V, Beaton DE, Jamal SA, Josse RG, Murray TM (2006) Effective initiation of osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment for patients with a fragility fracture in an orthopaedic environment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:25–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Blonk MC, Erdtsieck RJ, Wernekinck MG, Schoon EJ (2007) The fracture and osteoporosis clinic: 1-year results and 3-month compliance. Bone 40:1643–1649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Chevalley T, Hoffmeyer P, Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R (2002) An osteoporosis clinical pathway for the medical management of patients with low-trauma fracture. Osteoporos Int 13:450–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Premaor MO, Pilbrow L, Tonkin C, Adams M, Parker RA, Compston J (2010) Low rates of treatment in postmenopausal women with a history of low trauma fractures: results of audit in a Fracture Liaison Service. QJM 103:33–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. McLellan AR, Gallacher SJ, Fraser M, McQuillian C (2003) The fracture liaison service: success of a program for the evaluation and management of patients with osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 14:1028–1034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Clunie G, Stephenson S (2008) Implementing and running a fracture liaison service: an integrated clinical service providing a comprehensive bone health assessment at the point of fracture management. J Orthop Nurs 12:156–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Harrington JT, Barash HL, Day S, Lease J (2005) Redesigning the care of fragility fracture patients to improve osteoporosis management: a health care improvement project. Arthritis Rheum 53:198–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Delmas PD, van de Langerijt L, Watts NB, Eastell R, Genant H, Grauer A, Cahall DL, Group IS (2005) Underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: the IMPACT study. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 20:557–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Imai N, Endo N, Hoshino T, Suda K, Miyasaka D, Ito T (2014) Mortality after hip fracture with vertebral compression fracture is poor. J Bone Miner Metab

  48. Sosa Henriquez M, Saavedra Santana P, grupo de trabajo en osteoporosis de la Sociedad Espanola de Medicina I (2007) Prevalence of vertebral fractures in hip fracture patients. Revista clinica espanola 207:464–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Orimo H, Hayashi Y, Fukunaga M et al (2001) Gempatsusei kotusosyousyou no sindan kijun 2000 nendo kaitei ban (in Japanese). Nihon Kotsutaisya Gakkai Zasshi 14:76–82

    Google Scholar 

  50. Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC (1993) Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 8:1137–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (2014) Mild morphometric vertebral fractures predict vertebral fractures but not non-vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int 25:235–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mitchell PJ (2013) Best practices in secondary fracture prevention: fracture liaison services. Current osteoporosis reports 11:52–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gallacher SJ, Gallagher AP, McQuillian C, Mitchell PJ, Dixon T (2007) The prevalence of vertebral fracture amongst patients presenting with non-vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int 18:185–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Howat I, Carty D, Harrison J, Fraser M, McLellan AR (2007) Vertebral fracture assessment in patients presenting with incident nonvertebral fractures. Clin Endocrinol 67:923–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Siris ES, Genant HK, Laster AJ, Chen P, Misurski DA, Krege JH (2007) Enhanced prediction of fracture risk combining vertebral fracture status and BMD. Osteoporos Int 18:761–770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases University of Sheffield UK (2016) FRAX® WHO fracture risk assessment tool. http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/ Accessed 10 May 2016

  57. Osteoporosis Canada (2014) Quality Standards for Fracture Liaison Services in Canada. Osteoporosis Canada, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  58. Osteoporosis New Zealand (2016) Clinical Standards for Fracture Liaison Services in New Zealand. Osteoporosis New Zealand, Wellington

    Google Scholar 

  59. British Orthopaedic Association, National Osteoporosis Society (2014) BOAST 9: Fracture Liaison Services. London

  60. Gittoes N, McLellan AR, Cooper A et al (2015) Effective secondary prevention of fragility fractures: clinical standards for fracture liaison services. National Osteoporosis Society, Camerton

    Google Scholar 

  61. Akesson K, Marsh D, Mitchell PJ, McLellan AR, Stenmark J, Pierroz DD, Kyer C, Cooper C, IOF Fracture Working Group (2013) Capture the Fracture: a Best Practice Framework and global campaign to break the fragility fracture cycle. Osteoporos Int 24:2135–2152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Javaid MK, Kyer C, Mitchell PJ et al (2015) Effective secondary fracture prevention: implementation of a global benchmarking of clinical quality using the IOF Capture the Fracture(R) Best Practice Framework tool. Osteoporos Int 26:2573–2578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. International Osteoporosis Foundation (2016) Capture the Fracture® programme website. http://www.capture-the-fracture.org/ Accessed 1 April 2016

  64. Mitchell PJ, Ganda K, Seibel MJ (2015) Australian and New Zealand bone and mineral society position paper on secondary fracture prevention programs. In press

  65. Department of Health (2009) Falls and fractures: effective interventions in health and social care. In Department of Health (ed)

  66. Osteoporosis New Zealand (2012) Bone Care 2020: a systematic approach to hip fracture care and prevention for New Zealand. Wellington

  67. Mitchell PJ, Cornish J, Milsom S, et al. (2014) BoneCare 2020: a systematic approach to hip fracture care and prevention for New Zealand. 3rd Fragility Fracture Network Congress 2014 Madrid, Spain

  68. van Staa TP, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, Cooper C (2001) Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales. Bone 29:517–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gauthier A, Kanis JA, Martin M, Compston J, Borgstrom F, Cooper C, McCloskey E, Committee of Scientific Advisors IOF (2011) Development and validation of a disease model for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 22:771–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cawston H, Maravic M, Fardellone P, Gauthier A, Kanis JA, Compston J, Borgstrom F, Cooper C, McCloskey E (2012) Epidemiological burden of postmenopausal osteoporosis in France from 2010 to 2020: estimations from a disease model. Arch Osteoporos 7:237–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gauthier A, Kanis JA, Jiang Y, Dreinhofer K, Martin M, Compston J, Borgstrom F, Cooper C, McCloskey E (2012) Burden of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Germany: estimations from a disease model. Arch Osteoporos 7:209–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Piscitelli P, Brandi M, Cawston H, Gauthier A, Kanis JA, Compston J, Borgstrom F, Cooper C, McCloskey E (2014) Epidemiological burden of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Italy from 2010 to 2020: estimations from a disease model. Calcif Tissue Int 95:419–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gauthier A, Kanis JA, Jiang Y, Martin M, Compston JE, Borgström F, Cooper C, McCloskey EV (2011) Epidemiological burden of postmenopausal osteoporosis in the UK from 2010 to 2021: estimations from a disease model. Arch Osteoporos 6:179–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Svedbom A, Hernlund E, Ivergard M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, McCloskey EV, Jonsson B, Kanis JA, IOF EUrpot (2013) Osteoporosis in the European Union: a compendium of country-specific reports. Arch Osteoporos 8:137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Ivergard M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, McCloskey EV, Jonsson B, Kanis JA (2013) Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden: a report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos 8:136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Ebeling PR (2014) Osteoporosis in men: why change needs to happen. In: Mitchell PJ (ed) World Osteoporosis Day Thematic Report. International Osteoporosis Foundation, Nyons

    Google Scholar 

  77. Gerdhem P (2013) Osteoporosis and fragility fractures: vertebral fractures. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 27:743–755

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bliuc D, Nguyen TV, Eisman JA, Center JR (2014) The impact of nonhip nonvertebral fractures in elderly women and men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:415–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Compston J, Bowring C, Cooper A et al (2013) Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013. Maturitas 75:392–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R, National Osteoporosis F (2014) Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 25:2359–2381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Panday K, Gona A, Humphrey MB (2014) Medication-induced osteoporosis: screening and treatment strategies. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease 6:185–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Bienz M, Saad F (2015) Androgen-deprivation therapy and bone loss in prostate cancer patients: a clinical review. Bonekey Rep 4:716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Tufano A, Coppola A, Contaldi P, Franchini M, Minno GD (2015) Oral anticoagulant drugs and the risk of osteoporosis: new anticoagulants better than old? Semin Thromb Hemost 41:382–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Beerhorst K, van der Kruijs SJ, Verschuure P, Tan IY, Aldenkamp AP (2013) Bone disease during chronic antiepileptic drug therapy: general versus specific risk factors. J Neurol Sci 331:19–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Rizzoli R, Body JJ, DeCensi A, Reginster JY, Piscitelli P, Brandi ML, European Society for C, Economical aspects of O, Osteoarthritis (2012) Guidance for the prevention of bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women treated with aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer: an ESCEO position paper. Osteoporos Int 23:2567–2576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lan GB, Xie XB, Peng LK, Liu L, Song L, Dai HL (2015) Current status of research on osteoporosis after solid organ transplantation: pathogenesis and management. Biomed Res Int 2015:413169

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Whittier X, Saag KG (2016) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 42:177–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Schulz KF, Curtis KM, Chen M (2014) Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 6:CD006033

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lau AN, Tomizza M, Wong-Pack M, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD (2015) The relationship between long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and skeletal frailty. Endocrine 49:606–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Rizzoli R, Cooper C, Reginster JY et al (2012) Antidepressant medications and osteoporosis. Bone 51:606–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Palermo A, D’Onofrio L, Eastell R, Schwartz AV, Pozzilli P, Napoli N (2015) Oral anti-diabetic drugs and fracture risk, cut to the bone: safe or dangerous? A narrative review. Osteoporos Int 26:2073–2089

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Canalis E, Mazziotti G, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP (2007) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapy. Osteoporos Int 18:1319–1328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Albaum JM, Youn S, Levesque LE, Gershon AS, Cadarette SM (2014) Osteoporosis management among chronic glucocorticoid users: a systematic review. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 21:e486–e504

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lekamwasam S, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D et al (2012) A framework for the development of guidelines for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 23:2257–2276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Newman ED, Matzko CK, Olenginski TP, Perruquet JL, Harrington TM, Maloney-Saxon G, Culp T, Wood GC (2006) Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Program (GIOP): a novel, comprehensive, and highly successful care program with improved outcomes at 1 year. Osteoporos Int 17:1428–1434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Stangelberger A, Waldert M, Djavan B (2008) Prostate cancer in elderly men. Rev Urol 10:111–119

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Zhumkhawala AA, Gleason JM, Cheetham TC, Niu F, Loo RK, Dell RM, Jacobsen SJ, Chien GW (2013) Osteoporosis management program decreases incidence of hip fracture in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy. Urology 81:1010–1015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Rizzoli R, Body JJ, Brandi ML et al (2013) Cancer-associated bone disease. Osteoporos Int 24:2929–2953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Coleman R, Body JJ, Aapro M, Hadji P, Herrstedt J, Group EGW (2014) Bone health in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 25(Suppl 3):iii124–iii137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Damji AN, Bies K, Alibhai SM, Jones JM (2015) Bone health management in men undergoing ADT: examining enablers and barriers to care. Osteoporos Int 26:951–959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. International Osteoporosis Foundation (2013) The Asia-Pacific regional audit: epidemiology, costs and burden of osteoporosis in 2013. Nyon, Switzerland

  102. Suarez-Almazor ME, Peddi P, Luo R, Nguyen HT, Elting LS (2014) Low rates of bone mineral density measurement in Medicare beneficiaries with prostate cancer initiating androgen deprivation therapy. Support Care Cancer 22:537–544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. McGuire A, Brown JA, Malone C, McLaughlin R, Kerin MJ (2015) Effects of age on the detection and management of breast cancer. Cancers (Basel) 7:908–929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Dolan AL, Mohammed M, Thakur K (2007) Novel way to implement bone assessment guidelines to identify and manage patients receiving aromatase inhibitors using FITOS software. Osteoporos Int 18:S282–S283 Abstract P242A

    Google Scholar 

  105. Spangler L, Yu O, Loggers E, Boudreau DM (2013) Bone mineral density screening among women with a history of breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors. J Women’s Health (Larchmt) 22:132–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Giusti F, Ottanelli S, Masi L, Amedei A, Brandi ML, Falchetti A (2011) Construction of a database for the evaluation and the clinical management of patients with breast cancer treated with antiestrogens and/or aromatase inhibitors. Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism: the official journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases 8:37–50

    Google Scholar 

  107. International Diabetes Federation (2015) IDF diabetes atlas Seventh Edition. Brussels, Belgium

  108. World Health Organization (2016) Chronic respiratory diseases: burden of COPD. http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/burden/en/ Accessed 14 March 2016

  109. Fasano A, Catassi C (2012) Clinical practice: Celiac disease. N Engl J Med 367:2419–2426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. World IBD Day (2016) Inflammatory bowel disease: World IBD Day—19 May. http://worldibdday.org/ Accessed 15 March 2016

  111. Alzheimer’s Disease International (2013) Policy brief for heads of government: the global impact of dementia 2013–2050. London, UK

  112. Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D et al (2014) The global burden of rheumatoid arthritis: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1316–1322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Vestergaard P (2007) Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes—a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 18:427–444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Janghorbani M, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Hu FB (2007) Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture. Am J Epidemiol 166:495–505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Graat-Verboom L, Wouters EF, Smeenk FW, van den Borne BE, Lunde R, Spruit MA (2009) Current status of research on osteoporosis in COPD: a systematic review. Eur Respir J 34:209–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. McEvoy CE, Ensrud KE, Bender E, Genant HK, Yu W, Griffith JM, Niewoehner DE (1998) Association between corticosteroid use and vertebral fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:704–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. West J, Logan RF, Card TR, Smith C, Hubbard R (2003) Fracture risk in people with celiac disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 125:429–436

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Leslie W, Wajda A, Yu BN (2000) The incidence of fracture among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 133:795–799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Baker NL, Cook MN, Arrighi HM, Bullock R (2011) Hip fracture risk and subsequent mortality among Alzheimer’s disease patients in the United Kingdom, 1988-2007. Age Ageing 40:49–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. van Staa TP, Geusens P, Bijlsma JW, Leufkens HG, Cooper C (2006) Clinical assessment of the long-term risk of fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54:3104–3112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Regan EA, Radcliff TA, Henderson WG, Cowper Ripley DC, Maciejewski ML, Vogel WB, Hutt E (2013) Improving hip fractures outcomes for COPD patients. COPD 10:11–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Kirchgatterer A, Wenzl HH, Aschl G, Hinterreiter M, Stadler B, Hinterleitner TA, Petritsch W, Knoflach P (2002) Examination, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: recommendations and reality. Acta Med Austriaca 29:120–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Etzel JP, Larson MF, Anawalt BD, Collins J, Dominitz JA (2011) Assessment and management of low bone density in inflammatory bowel disease and performance of professional society guidelines. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:2122–2129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Knopp-Sihota JA, Cummings GG, Newburn-Cook CV, Homik J, Voaklander D (2014) Dementia diagnosis and osteoporosis treatment propensity: a population-based nested case-control study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 14:121–129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Caplan L, Hines AE, Williams E, Prochazka AV, Saag KG, Cunningham F, Hutt E (2011) An observational study of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis prophylaxis in a national cohort of male veterans with rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporos Int 22:305–315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Romme EA, Geusens P, Lems WF, Rutten EP, Smeenk FW, van den Bergh JP, van Hal PT, Wouters EF (2015) Fracture prevention in COPD patients; a clinical 5-step approach. Respir Res 16:32

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. British Society of Gastroenterology (2007) Guidelines for osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease

  128. Duru N, van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW et al (2013) EULAR evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations on the management of medium to high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 72:1905–1913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Seeman E, Compston J, Adachi J, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Dawson-Hughes B, Jonsson B, Pols H, Cramer JA (2007) Non-compliance: the Achilles’ heel of anti-fracture efficacy. Osteoporos Int 18:711–719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Hiligsmann M, Salas M, Hughes DA, Manias E, Gwadry-Sridhar FH, Linck P, Cowell W (2013) Interventions to improve osteoporosis medication adherence and persistence: a systematic review and literature appraisal by the ISPOR Medication Adherence & Persistence Special Interest Group. Osteoporos Int 24:2907–2918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Boudou L, Gerbay B, Chopin F, Ollagnier E, Collet P, Thomas T (2011) Management of osteoporosis in fracture liaison service associated with long-term adherence to treatment. Osteoporos Int 22:2099–2106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Dehamchia-Rehailia N, Ursu D, Henry-Desailly I, Fardellone P, Paccou J (2014) Secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures: evaluation of the Amiens University Hospital’s fracture liaison service between January 2010 and December 2011. Osteoporos Int 25:2409–2416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Ganda K, Schaffer A, Pearson S, Seibel MJ (2014) Compliance and persistence to oral bisphosphonate therapy following initiation within a secondary fracture prevention program: a randomised controlled trial of specialist vs. non-specialist management. Osteoporos Int 25:1345–1355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Feldstein AC, Schneider J, Smith DH, Vollmer WM, Rix M, Glauber H, Boardman DL, Herson M (2008) Harnessing stakeholder perspectives to improve the care of osteoporosis after a fracture. Osteoporos Int 19:1527–1540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Sujic R, Gignac MA, Cockerill R, Beaton DE (2013) Factors predictive of the perceived osteoporosis-fracture link in fragility fracture patients. Maturitas 76:179–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Siris ES, Gehlbach S, Adachi JD et al (2011) Failure to perceive increased risk of fracture in women 55 years and older: the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW). Osteoporos Int 22:27–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. National Bone Health Alliance (2016) National Bone Health Alliance: Strong Bones America. http://www.nbha.org/ Accessed 16 June 2016

  138. National Committee for Quality Assurance (2015) The State of Health Care Quality 2015. Washington D.C

  139. Black DM, Rosen CJ (2016) Clinical practice: postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 374:254–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Khan AA, Morrison A, Hanley DA et al (2015) Diagnosis and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw: a systematic review and international consensus. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 30:3–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Kim DH, Rogers JR, Fulchino LA, Kim CA, Solomon DH, Kim SC (2015) Bisphosphonates and risk of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 10:e0122646

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Dell RM, Adams AL, Greene DF, Funahashi TT, Silverman SL, Eisemon EO, Zhou H, Burchette RJ, Ott SM (2012) Incidence of atypical nontraumatic diaphyseal fractures of the femur. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 27:2544–2550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Kim SC, Kim DH, Mogun H, Eddings W, Polinski JM, Franklin JM, Solomon DH (2016) Impact of the US food and drug administration’s safety-related announcements on the use of bisphosphonates after hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res

  144. International Osteoporosis Foundation (2011) The Eastern European & Central Asian Regional Audit: epidemiology, costs & burden of osteoporosis in 2010

  145. Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, Compston J, Dreinhofer K, Nolte E, Jonsson L, Lems WF, McCloskey EV, Rizzoli R, Stenmark J (2013) SCOPE: a scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe. Arch Osteoporos 8:144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Kanis JA, Johnell O (2005) Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int 16:229–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. International Osteoporosis Foundation (2012) The Latin America Regional Audit: epidemiology, costs & burden of osteoporosis in 2012. Nyon, Switzerland

  148. International Osteoporosis Foundation (2011) The Middle East & Africa Regional Audit: epidemiology, costs & burden of osteoporosis in 2011

  149. Osteoporosis Canada (2016) Essential elements of Fracture Liaison Services (FLS). http://www.osteoporosis.ca/fls/wp-content/uploads/Osteoporosis-Canada-Essential-Elements-of-an-FLS.pdf Accessed 6 May 2016

  150. Cooper C, Mitchell P, Kanis JA (2011) Breaking the fragility fracture cycle. Osteoporos Int 22:2049–2050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Zerbini CA, Szejnfeld VL, Abergaria BH, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Kanis JA (2015) Incidence of hip fracture in Brazil and the development of a FRAX model. Arch Osteoporos 10:224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Lesnyak O, Ershova O, Belova K et al (2012) Epidemiology of fracture in the Russian Federation and the development of a FRAX model. Arch Osteoporos 7:67–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK

    N. C. W. Harvey & C. Cooper

  2. NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK

    N. C. W. Harvey

  3. MRC ARUK Centre for Integrated Research in Musculoskeletal Ageing, Metabolic Bone Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK

    E. V. McCloskey

  4. Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    E. V. McCloskey

  5. Synthesis Medical NZ Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand

    P. J. Mitchell

  6. University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia

    P. J. Mitchell

  7. Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    B. Dawson-Hughes

  8. International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), Nyon, Switzerland

    D. D. Pierroz

  9. Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    J.-Y. Reginster

  10. Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland

    R. Rizzoli

  11. NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    C. Cooper

  12. Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK

    J. A. Kanis

  13. Institute for Health and Aging, Catholic University of Australia, Melbourne, Australia

    J. A. Kanis

Authors
  1. N. C. W. Harvey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. V. McCloskey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. J. Mitchell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Dawson-Hughes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D. D. Pierroz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J.-Y. Reginster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. R. Rizzoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. C. Cooper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. J. A. Kanis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. V. McCloskey.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

BD-H – none for this submission.

CC has received consultancy and honoraria from Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen, Eli Lilly, GSK, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Servier, Takeda and UCB.

DDP – none for this submission.

EVM has no disclosures related to this work, and has received consultancy fees, honoraria and/or research funding from Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Consilient Healthcare, GSK, Internis, Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, Servier, Synexus, Tethys, UCB, Warner Chilcott and Wyeth.

JAK and PJM have undertaken consultancy for governments, national osteoporosis societies, healthcare professional organisations and private sector companies relating to systematic approaches to fragility fracture care and prevention.

JYR has no disclosures related to this work, and has received consultancy, lecture fees and grant support from Amgen, Analis, Asahi Kasei, Boehringer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chiltern, Danone, Ebewee Pharma, Endocyte, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, IBSA-Genevrier, Lilly, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Merckle, Negma, Novartis, NovoNordisk, NPS, Nycomed-Takeda, Organon, Pfizer, PharmEvo, Radius Health, Roche, Rottapharm, Servier, Teijin, Teva, Theramex, Therabel, UCB, Will Pharma, Wyeth, Zodiac.

NCWH has no disclosures related to this work, and has received consultancy, lecture fees and honoraria from Alliance for Better Bone Health, AMGEN, MSD, Eli Lilly, Servier, Shire, Consilient Healthcare and Internis Pharma.

PJM serves as a consultant to the International Osteoporosis Foundation and received remuneration for his contribution to this manuscript.

RR has received honoraria for participation in Advisory boards or speaker bureau fees from Danone, Labatec, Nestlé, and ObsEva.

Additional information

Nicholas C. W. Harvey and Eugene V. McCloskey are joint first authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Harvey, N.C.W., McCloskey, E.V., Mitchell, P.J. et al. Mind the (treatment) gap: a global perspective on current and future strategies for prevention of fragility fractures. Osteoporos Int 28, 1507–1529 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3894-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3894-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation