Abstract
An original approach for studying the formation of semiconductor heterojunctions and their electronic properties is discussed and illustrated. Monitoring the changes in the surface potential during the heterojunction formation lends itself to direct measurement of the band discontinuities, Debye length, and the width of the space-charge region at heterojunction interfaces. The contribution of an interface dipole is considered. The technique is demonstrated by a technologically significant experimental example.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Weisbuch and B. Vinter,Quantum Semiconductor Struc- tures (San Diego: Academic Press, 1991).
R.L. Anderson,Sol. State Electron. 5, 341 (1962).
F. Capasso and G. Margaritondo, eds.,Heterojunction Band Discontinuities (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987), and ref- erences therein.
For a recent overview on the state of the art in this field, see theProc. 20th Annual Conf. Physics and Chemistry of Semi- conductor Interfaces, Williamsburg (1993) (and references therein), inJ. Vac. Sci. Techn. B11 (4) (1993), and especially the reviews of G. Margaritondo and H. Kroemer therein.
G. Margaritondo,J. Vac. Sci. B11, 1362 (1993).
RC Miller, D.A Kleinman and A.C. Gossard,Phys. Rev. B29, 3740 (1984); Phys. Rev. B29, 7085 (1984).
G. Lelay, J. Derrien and N. Boccara,Semiconductor Inter- faces: Formation and Properties, Springer Proc. in Physics. Vol. 22 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987).
J. Tersoff,Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2755 (1986); J. Tersoff,Phys. Rev. B30, 4874 (1984).
C.M. Wolfe, N. Holonyak, Jr. and G.E. Stillman,Physical Properties of Semiconductors Chap. 9, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989), p. 287.
D. Goren and Y. Nemirovski,J. Appl. Phys. 77, 244 (1995).
A. Marshak,IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev. 36, 1764 (1989).
D.K. Schroder,Semiconductor Materials and Device Characterization(New York: Wiley, 1990).
M. Leibovitch, L. Kronik, E. Fefer, V. Korobov and Y. Shapira,Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 457 (1995).
S. M. Sze,Physics of Semiconductor Devices (New York: Wiley, 1985).
L.J. Brillson and D.W. Kruger,Surf. Sci. 102, 518 (1981).
W. Mönch,Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surface V, eds. R. Vanselow and R. Howe, Vol. 35 of Springer Series in Chemical Physics (Berlin: Springer, 1984).
M. Leibovitch, L. Kronik, E. Fefer and Y. Shapira,Phys. Rev., B50, 1739 (1994).
G. Abstreiter, U. Prechtel, G. Weimann and W. Schlapp,Surf. Sci. 174, 312 (1986).
M. Heiblum, M.I. Nathan and M. Eizenberg,Surf. Sci. 174, 318 (1986).
W. S. Verwoerd,Surf. Sci. 103, 404 (1981).
P. Koke and W. Mönch,Solid State Commun. 36,1007(1980).
W. Mönch, P. Koke and S. Krueger,J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19, 313 (1981).
W. Mönch,MBE and Heterostructures, ed. L.L. Chang, NATO Advanced Study Institute Series E (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1983).
V. Heine,Phys. Rev. A 138, 1689 (1965).
L.J. Brillson.J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 1137 (1979); L.J. Brillson, R.Z. Bachrach, R.S. Bauer and J. McMenamin,Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 397 (1979).
W.E. Spicer, S. Eglash, I. Lindau.C.Y. Su and P.R. Skeath,Thin Solid Films 89, 447 (1982); L.J. Brillson,Thin Solid Films 89, L27 (1982); S. Eglash, W.E. Spicer and I. Lindau,Thin Solid Films 89, L35 (1982).
R. Nicolini, L. Vanzetti, G. Mula, G. Bratina, L. Sorba, A. Franciosi, M. Peressi, S. Baroni, R. Resta. A. Baldereschi. J.E. Angelo and W.W. Gereberich,Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 294 (1994).
Y. Chen, J.M. Seo, F. Stepniak and J.H. Weaver,J. Chem. Phys. 95, 8442 (1991).
B.I. Bednyi, M.I. Vasilevskii and I. A. Karpovich,Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 23, 362 (1989) [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 23, 223 (1989)].
L. Kronik and Y. Shapira,J. Vac. Sci. Technol. All, 3081 (1993).
Th. Dittrich, M. Brauer and L. Elstner,Phys. Stat. Sol. A137, K29 (1993).
W. Mönch and H. Gant,Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 512 (1982).
D. Yan. E. Look, X. Yin, F.H. Pollak and J.M. Woodall,Appl. Phys. Lett, 65, 186 (1994).
F. Cappaso, A.Y. Cho, K. Mohammed and P.W. Foy,Appl. Phys. Lett. 46, 664 (1985).
M. Bruening, E. Moons, D. Yaron-Marcovich, D. Cahen, J. Libman and A. Shanzer,J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 116, 2972 (1994).
T. dell’Orto, J. Almeida, C. Coluza, A. Baldereschi, G. Margaritondo, M. Cantile, S. Yildinm, L. Sorba and A. Franciosi,Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2111 (1994).
M. Marsi, R. Houdre, A. Rudra, M. Ilegems, F. Gozzo, C. Coluzza, and G. Margaritondo,Phys. Rev. B47,6455 (1993).
L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz,The Classical Theory of Fields 4th ed. Chap. 5 (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1975).
V. Korobov, Y. Shapira, B. Ber, K. Faleev and D. Zushinskiy,J. Appl. Phys. 75, 2264 (1994).
L. Kronik, M. Leibovitch, E. Fefer, L. Burstein and Y. Shapira,J. Electron. Mater. 24, 379 (1995).
D.P. Woodruff and T.A. Delchar,Modern Techniques of Surface Science chap. 7, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 368.
L. Burstein, J. Bregman and Y. Shapira,J. Appl. Phys. 69, 2312(1991).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kronik, L., Leibovitch, M., Fefer, E. et al. Electronic characterization of heterojunctions by surface potential monitoring. J. Electron. Mater. 24, 893–901 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02653338
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02653338