Skip to main content
Log in

Ethical issues concerning potential global climate change on food production

Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Burning fossil fuel in the North American continent contributes more to the CO2 global warming problem than in any other continent. The resulting climate changes are expected to alter food production. The overall changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, insect pests, plant pathogens, and weeds associated with global warming are projected to reduce food production in North America. However, in Africa, the projected slight rise in rainfall is encouraging, especially since Africa already suffers from severe shortages of rainfall. For all regions, a reduction in fossil fuel burning is vital. Adoption of sound ecological resource management, especially soil and water conservation and the prevention of deforestation, is important. Together, these steps will benefit agriculture, the environment, farmers, and society as a whole.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abelson, P.H. 1990. Uncertainties about global warming.Science 247: 1529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahamson, D.E. (ed.). 1989.The Challenge, of Global Warming. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adair C.R., M.D. Miller, and H.M. Beachell. 1962. Rice improvement and culture in the United States.Advances in Agronomy 14: 61–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adisarwanto, T. 1986. The influence of planting method and mulching on soybean seed yield. In:Soybean Yield in Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems. Proc. Symp., Tsukuba, Japan, 26 September–1 October 1983, Shanhua, Taiwan, China: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. pp. 215–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrios, G.N. 1988.Plant Pathology, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alam, S. 1971.Population dynamics of the common leafhopper and planthopper pests of rice. Ph.D. Thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. 141 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, L.H., Jr. 1989. Plant responses to rising carbon dioxide and potential interactions with air pollutants.J. Environmental Quality, 19: 15–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, S.G., S.B. Idso, B.A. Kimball, J.T. Baker, L.H. Jr Allen, J.R. Mauney, J.W. Radin, and M.G. Anderson.Effects of air temperature on atmospheric CO2-plant growth relationships DOE/ER-0450T. TR048. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Research. Washington, DC: CO2 Research Program. 61 pp.

  • Allen, W.A. 1987.The national evaluation of extension's integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Coop. Ext. Ser.

  • American Society of Agricultural Engineering. 1985.Erosion and Soil Productivity. ASAE Publ. 8-85. St. Joseph. MI: ASAE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arkley, R.J. 1963. Relationships between plant growth and transpiration.Hilgardia 34: 559–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asai, G.N., M.W. Jones, and F.G. Rorie 1967. Influence of certain environmental factors in the field on infection of rice byPyricularia oryzae.Phytopathology 57:237–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arzaq, E.S.E. 1987. Future trends in agricultural production within the Arab countries. In:Improved Weed Management in the Near East. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 80. Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batty, J.C. and J. Keller. 1980. Energy requirements for irrigation. In:Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture, edited by D. Pimentel. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beggs, C.J., U. Schneider-Ziebert, and E. Wellmann. 1986. UV-B radiation and adaptive mechanisms in plants. In:Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life, edited by R.C. Worrest. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 235–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beukema, H.P. and D.E. Van der Zaag. 1979.Potato improvement. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Agricultural Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, R.H. and P.G. Webb. 1986.Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on yield, and disease incidence and severity for wheat under field conditions. NATO ASI Series G-8, Ecological Sciences.

  • Bolin, B., B.R. Doos, J. Jager, and R.A. Warrick. 1986.The Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and Ecosystems. Chichester: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottrell, D. 1979.Integrated Pest Management. Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradle, J.D. 1984. Windbreak economics: The case, of winter wheat production in Eastern Nebraska.J. Soil Water Conservation 39: 339–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H.C.P. and V.G. Thomas. 1989. Ecological considerations for the future of food security in Africa. In:Sustainable Agricultural Systems, edited by C.A. Edwards, R. Lal, P. Madden, R.H. Miller, and G. House. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation, Society. pp. 353–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. 1976. Shortening the growing season, in the U.S. corn belt.Nature 260:420–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L.H. and J. Cocheme. 1969. A, study of agroclimatology of the highlands of eastern Africa. In:FAO/UNESCO/WMO Interagency Project on Agroclimatology Technical Report. Rome Italy. pp. 314–318.

  • Brown, L.R. 1988. The changing world food prospect: the kinetics and beyond. Worldwatch Paper 85. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • , A. Durning, C. Flavin, H. French, J. Jacobson, M. Lowe, S. Postel, M. Renner, L. Starke, and J. Young. 1990.State of the World. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buringh, P. 1989. Availability of agricultural land for crop and livestock production. In:Food and Natural Resources, edited by D. Pimentel and C.W. Hall. San Diego, CA: Academic Press pp. 69–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, G. 1990a.Presidential policy address on global warming in the intergovernmental panel on climate control at Georgetown University. February 5, 1990. Washington, DC.

  • Bush, G. 1990b.The White House Conference on Science and Technological Research Related to Global Climate Change. April 17.

  • Butler, G.D. 1985. Populations of several insects on cottonGossypium hirsutum cultivar deltapine-61, in open-top carbon dioxide enrichment chambers.Southwestern Entomology, 10: 264–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • , B.A. Kimball, and J.R. Mauney. 1985. Populations of the sweet potato whitefly on cotton grown in open-top field carbon dioxide-enrichment chambers. In:Cotton Series P-63. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ: College of Agriculture Report. pp. 175–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, W. and D.N. Moss 1989. Temperature effect on leaf emergence and phyllochron in wheat and barley.Crop Science 29:1018–1025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbon Dioxide Review. 1982.Carbon Dioxide Review, edited by W.C. Clark. Oak Ridge Associated University, TN: Institute for Energy Analysis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherian, E.C., G.M. Paulsen, and L.S. Murphy. 1968. Nutrient uptake by lowland rice under flooded and nonflooded soil conditions.Agronomy Journal 60: 554–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chippendale, G.M. 1979.The southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella:case history of an invading insect. Res. Bull. 1031. University, of Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta., 52 pp.

  • CIMMYT, 1981.World maize facts and trends. International Maize and Wheat. CIMMYT Report one, Mexico 6, D.F. Mexico: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloele, S.W.P. and N. M. Kritzinger, 1984. A laboratory assessment of various treatment conditions affecting the ammoniation of wheat straw by urea. 1. The effect of temperature, moisture level, and treatment period.South African Journal of Animal Science 14:55–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, E.B. 1924. Rice. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell University. 1987.Northeast Regional Collegiate Soil Judging Handbook. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, H.H. 1967. Plant protection and world crop production.Pflanzenschutznachrichten 20:1–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabney, S.M. and B.J. Hoff. 1989. Influence of water management on growth and yield of no-till planted rice.Crop Science 29: 746–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily, G.C. and P.R. Ehrlich. 1990. An exploratory model of the impact of rapid climate changes on the world food situation. Paper Number 0034. Working Paper Series. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalrymple, D.G. 1986. Development, and spread of high yielding wheat varieties in developing countries. Washington, DC: Bureau for Science and Technology, USAID.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Datta, S.K. 1981.Principles and Practices of Rice Production. New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Energy. 1989.Rept. to the Congress of the U.S. A compendium of options for government policy to encourage private sector responses to potential climate changes. Vol. 1. Methodological justification and generic policy instruments. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environ. Analysis, Asst. Sec. for Environ., Safety and Health. Oct. 1989, 9 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Transport. 1975.Impacts of Climatic Change on the Biosphere. CIAP Monograph 5. Part 2. Climatic Effects. DOT-TST-75-55. Washington, DC: Department of Transport.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, J.A. 1978. The quest for tolerant germplasm. In:Crop Tolerance to Suboptimal Land Conditions edited by G.A. Jung. Spec. Publ. No. 32. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 1–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durning, A.B. 1990. Ending poverty. In:State of the World, edited by L.R. Brown, A. Durning, C. Flavin, H. French, J. Jacobson, M. Lowe, S. Postel, M. Remer, L. Starke, and J. Young. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, pp. 135–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvick, D. 1989.Personal communication. Des Moines, IA: Pioneer Hybrid Seed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterling, W.E., M.L. Parry, and P.R. Crosson. 1989. Adapting future agriculture to changes in climate. In:Greenhouse Warming: Abatement and Adaption, edited by N.J. Rosenberg, W.E. Easterling III, P.R. Crosson, and J. Darmstadter. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. pp. 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P.R., G.C. Daily, A.H. Ehrlich, P. Matson, and P. Vitousek. 1989. Global change and carrying capacity: Implications for life on earth. In:Global Change and Our Common Future, Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elwell, H.A. 1985. An assessment of soil erosion in Zimbabwe.Science News 19:27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Energy Research Advisory Board. 1982.Solar Energy. Washington, DC: Department of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency. 1988.The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States. 4-1. Draft Report to Congress, Oct. 1988. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC: US.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, G.O., D.W. Koch, and T.F. Bruetsch. 1973. Influence of potassium nutrition on net CO2 uptake and growth in maize (Zea mays L.).Agronomy Journal 65:972–975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabriani, G. and C. Lintas. (ed.). 1988.Durum Wheat, Chemistry and Technology. St. Paul MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fajer, E.D., M.D. Bowers, and F.A. Bazzaz. 1989. The effects of enriched carbon dioxide atmopsheres on plant-insect herbivore interactions.Science 243: 1198–1200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkenmark, M. 1989a. Water scarcity and food production in Africa.Food and Natural Resources edited by D. Pimentel and C.W. Hall. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 163–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkenmark, M. 1989b. The massive water scarcity now threatening Africa — Why isn't it being addressed?Ambio 18.

  • Falkenmark, M. 1990. Personal communication.

  • Food and Agriculture Organisation. 1986. Need and justification of irrigation development. Consultation on irrigation in Africa. Lomé, Togo. AGL:IA/86/Doc I-D. Rome, Italy: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1988.Production Yearbook. Rome, Italy: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavin, C. 1989.Slowing global warming: a worldwide strategy. Worldwatch Paper 91. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follett, R.F. and B.A. Stewart. (ed.). 1985.Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, SSSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, S. 1984. Ill fares the land. Essays on Food, Hunger and Power. Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudriaan, J. and H.E. de Ruiter. 1983. Plant growth in response to CO2 enrichment at two levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. 1. Dry matter, leaf area and development.Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 31: 157–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and M.H. Unworth. 1990. Implications of increasing carbon dioxide and climate change for agricultural productivity and water resources. In:Impact of Carbon Dioxide Trace Gases and Climate Changes on Global Agriculture, edited by G.H. Heichel, C.W. Stuber, and D.E. Kissel. ASA Special Publication No. 53. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. pp. 111–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribbin, J. 1981.Carbon Dioxide, the Climate and Man. 2nd ed. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grissim, J. 1989. Global warming will affect fisheries, but no one is sure how.National Fisherman 71: 20–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grist, D.H. 1986.Rice. 6th edition. New York, NY: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grummer, G. 1970.Rice Edition Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

  • Hansen, J. and S. Lebedeff. 1987. Global trends of measured surface air temperature.J. Geophysics Research 92: 13, 345–13, 372.

    Google Scholar 

  • — D. Rind, A. DelGenio, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, M. Prather, R. Ruedy, and T. Karl 1989. Regional greenhouse climate effects. In:Coping with Climate Change, edited by J.C. Topping. Proc. Second North American Conf. on Preparing for Climate Change: A cooperative approach. Washington, DC: Climate Institute. pp. 68–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Sellers, A., R.E. Dickinson, and M.F. Wilson, 1988. Tropical deforestation: important processes for climate models.Climate Change 13: 43–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holdren, C. 1990. Global warming petition.Science 247: 919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman, S. 1990. Personal communication. Corvallis, OR: Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogmoed, W.B. and L. Stroosnijder. 1984. Crust formation on sandy soils in the Sahel. I. Rainfall and infiltration (West Africa).Soil and Tillage Research, 4(1):5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, R.A., and G.M. Woodwell. 1989. Global climatic change.Scientific American 260(4):18–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, N.W. 1981.Soil Conservation. 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurni, H. 1992. Land degradation, famine, and land resource scenarios in Ethiopia. InWorld Soil Erosion and Conservation, edited by D. Pimentel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology. 1987.15th Annual Report. Nairobi, Kenya: ICIPE Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1988.16th Annual Report. Nairobi, Kenya: ICIPE Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1990.Policy Makers Summary of the Scientific Assessment of Climate Change. Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Environment Programme.

  • Jackai, L.E., K.E. Dashiell, D.A. Shannon, and W.R. Root. 1984. Soybean production and utilization in sub-Saharan Africa. In:World Soybean Conference III, edited by R. Shibles. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 1193–1202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger, J. 1988. Developing policies for responding to climate change. Rome, Italy: UN Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization/TD No. 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janick, J. 1986.Horticultural Science. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P.D., T.M.L. Wigley, and P.B. Wright, 1986. Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984.Nature 322: 430–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, G.A. 1978.Crop Tolerance to Suboptimal Land Conditions. Spec. Publ. No. 32. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, SSSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kates, R.W., R.S. Chen, T.E. Downing, J.X. Kasperson, E. Messer, and S.R. Millman. 1989.The Hunger Report: Update 1989. Brown University, Providence, RI: Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Program.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, H. 1976. Some topics in a disease cycle of rice blast and climatic factors. In: Proc. Symp. on Climate and Rice. Los Baños, Philippines: IRRI pp. 417–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keepin, B. 1989.Status of Major Environmental Threats. Energy Policy Seminar. Sanderstolen, Norway: Energy Policy Foundation of Norway. Feb. 7–10, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, W.W. 1977. Effects of human activities on global climate. A summary, with consideration of the implications of a possibly warmer Earth. Technical Note No. 156. WMO No. 486. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and R. Schware. 1981.Climate Change and Society. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and Z.-C. Zhao. 1988. Sensitivity of soil moisture to doubling of carbon dioxide in climate model experiments. Part I: North America.Journal of Climate 1: 348–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, R.A. 1990. Global warming continues in 1989.Science 247: 521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kettunen, L., J. Mukula, V. Pahjonen, O. Rantanen, and U. Varjo. 1988. The effects of climatic variations on agriculture in Finland. In M.L. Parry, T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn (Editors),The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, edited by M.L. Parry, T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn. Vol. 1. Assessments in Cool Temperate and Cold Regions. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyfitz, N. 1989. The growing world population. Scientific American 261(3): 118–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, C. and D. Pimentel, eds. 1992.Integrated Resource Management: Agroforestry for Development. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachenbruch, A.H. and B.V. Marshall, 1986. Changing climate: geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic.Science 234: 689–696.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, E.F., J.H. Shepperd, and T. Eyck. 1902. The length of the growing season in North Dakota.North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station 52: 105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R. 1976.Soil erosion on an alfisol in western Nigeria and their control. Monograph No. 1, Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1984a. Productivity assessment of tropical soils and the effects of erosion. In:Quantification of the Effect of Erosion on Soil Productivity in an International Context, edited by F.R. Rijsberman and M.G. Wolman. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. pp. 70–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1984b. Soil erosion from tropical arable lands and its control.Advances in Agronomy. 37: 183–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1984c. Soybena production and soil erosion problems and solutions-Africa. InWorld Soybean Conference III, edited by R. Shibles. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 1151–1157.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1992. Soil erosion and conservation in West Africa. In:World Soil Erosion and Conservation, edited by D. Pimentel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Langdale, G.W., H.P. Denton, A.W. Jr. White, J.W. Gilliam, and W.W. Frye. 1985. Regional effects on soil erosion on crop productivity on southern soils. In:Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity, edited by R.F. Follet and B.A. Stewart. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 251–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawn, R.J., J.D. Mayers, D.F. Beech, A.L. Garside, and D.E. Byth, 1984. Adaptation of soybean to subtropical and tropical environments in Australia. In:Soybean in Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems. Proc. Symp. Taiwan, China: The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Shanhua. pp. 361–372.

  • Lee, S.S. and G.O. Estes, 1982. Corn physiology in short season and low temperature environments.Agronomy Journal 74: 325–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyton, L., 1983. Crop water use: principles and some considerations for agroforestry. In:Plant Research and Agroforestry, edited by P.A. Huxley. Nairobi, Kenya: International Council for Research in Agroforestry. pp. 379–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, D.E. and D. Couvet, 1989. The effect of carbon supply on allocation to allelochemicals and caterpillar consumption of peppermint.Oecologia 78: 112–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — N. Sionit, and B.R. Strain. 1984. Growth and feeding response ofPseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to host plants grown in controlled carbon dioxide atmospheres.Environmental Entomology 13: 1527–1530.

    Google Scholar 

  • — D. Couvet, and N. Sionit. 1986. Response of an insect herbivore to host plants grown in carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres.Oecologia 69: 556–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindzen, R.S. 1990. Some coolness regarding global warming.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 71: 288–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mabbutt, J.A. 1989. Impacts of carbon dioxide warming on climate and man in the semi-arid tropica.Climatic Change 15: 191–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, G.J. 1988. Scientific basis for the greenhouse effect.Journal of Policy and Analytical Management 7: 425–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, T. 1974.Meeting Transcript. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. May 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S. and R. Wetherald. 1986. Reduction in summer soil wetness induced by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.Science 232: 626–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannering, J.V., D.P. Franzmeier, D.L. Schertz, W.C. Moldenhauer, and L.D. Norton. 1985. Regional effects on soil erosion on crop productivity — Midwest. In:Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity, edited by R.F. Follett and B.A. Stewart. Madison WI: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 271–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P., N. Rosenberg, and M. McKenney. 1989. Sensitivity of evapotranspiration in a wheat field, a forest and a grassland to changes in climate and direct effects of carbon dioxide.Climatic Change 14(2): 117–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, G.N., L.R. Hossner, and D.M. Nesmith. 1985.Sprinkler irrigation as an energy and water saving approach to rice production and management of riceland pests. Rept. TR-134. College Station, TX: Texas Water Resources Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, T.A. and B.F. Hajek. 1985. Soil erosion effects on crop productivity and soil properties in Alabama. In:Erosion and Soil Productivity. ASAE Publication 8-85. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineering. pp. 48–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mearns, L.O. 1989. Climate variability. In:The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States, edited by J.B. Smith and D. Tirpak. Washington, DC: US EPA. pp. 29–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • — R.W. Katz, and S.H. Schneider, 1984. Extreme high-temperature events: changes in their probabilities with changes in mean temperature.J. Clim. Appl. Climatol. 23: 1601–1613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mederski, H.J. 1983. Effects of water and temperature stress on soybean plant growth and yield in humid, temperature climates. In:Crop Reactions to Water and Temperature Stresses in Humid Temperature Climates, edited by C.D. Raper and P.J. Kramer, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzel, C.M. 1983. Tuberization in potato at high temperatures: interactions between shoot and root temperatures.Annals of Botany 52: 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, C.L., W.P. Flint, and R.L. Metcalf. 1962.Destructive and Useful Insects. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. and D. Senft. 1988. Agriculture and the greenhouse effect.Agricultural Research 36(3): 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milne, A. 1988.Our Drowning World: Population, Pollution and Future Weather. Bridgeport, Dorset: Prism Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monteith, J. 1981. Climatic variation and the growth of crops.J. Royal Meteorological Society 107: 749–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munevar, R. and A.G. Wolum. 1982. II. Response of soybean plants to high root temperature as affected by plant cultivar andRhizobium strain.Agronomy Journal 74: 138–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murali, N.S. and A.H. Teramura. 1986. Effects of supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and physiology of field-grown soybean.Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(3): 233–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, N. 1988. Tropical deforestation.Environmental Conservation 15:293–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1989.Tropical Deforestation. London, UK: Friends of the Earth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, O., Jr. 1985. Breeding for drought tolerance in maize. In:To Feed Ourselves. Proc. First Eastern, Central and Southern Africa Regional Maize Workshop, Lusaka, Zambia. March 10–17, 1985, CIMMYT. pp. 177–185.

  • National Academy of Sciences 1968.Weed Control. Publication 1597. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1983.Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1989a.Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate Change. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1989b.Alternative Agriculture. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1990.Confronting Climate Change. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Defense University 1986.Crop Yields and Climate Change to the Year 2000. Vol. II. Climate model and technical appendixes. Conducted by the Research Directorate of the National Defense University. Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, E. and R.S. Loomis, 1984.Simulation of Growth and Yield of the Potato Crop. Wageningen, Netherland: Pudoc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nierenberg, W.A. 1990. Letter.Science 247: 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • — R. Jastrow and F. Seitz, 1989.Scientific Perspectives on the Greenhouse Problem. Washington, DC: Marshall Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, E.S., A.F. Weise, D.E. Crutchfield, E.W. Chenault, and D. Lavake. 1985. The effects of temperature and rainfall on emergency and growth of eight weeds.Weed Science 33: 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttonson, M.Y. 1965a.Global Agroclimatic Analogues for the Northern Great Plains Region of the United States and an Outline of its Physiography, Climate, and Farm Crops. Washington, DC: American Institute of Crop Ecology

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1965b.Global Agroclimatic Analogues for the Rice Regions of the Continental United States. Washington, DC: American Institute of Crop Ecology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technology Assessment. 1982.Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland and Rangeland Productivity. Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogallo, L. 1984. Variation and change in climate in sub-Saharan Africa. In:advancing Agricultural Production in Africa, edited by D.L. Hawksworth. Proc. CAB's First Scientific Conf., Arusha, Tanzania. Feb. 12–18, 1984, pp. 308–312.

  • Oka, I.N. and D. Pimentel. 1976. Herbicide (2,4-D) increases insect and pathogen pests on corn.Science 193: 239–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, K.R. and E. Nizeyimana. 1988. Effects of soil erosion on corn yields of seven Illinois soils.Journal of Production Agriculture 1: 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orth, A.B., A.H. Teramura, and H.D. Sisler. 1990. Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation of fungal disease development inCucumis sativus L.American Journal of Botany 77(9): 1188–1192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osbrink, W.L.A., J.T. Trumble, and R.E. Wagner. 1987. Host suitability ofPhaseolus lunata forTrichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in controlled atmospheres.Environmental Entomology 16: 639–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ou, S.H. 1985.Rice Diseases. 2nd ed. Surrey, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti, M.G., R.B. Stinner, and G.G. Lorenzoni. 1989. Agricultural ecology and environment.Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 27(1–4): 1–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papendick, R.I., D.L. Young, D.K. McCool, and H.A. Krauss. 1985. Regional effects of soil erosion on crop productivity. In: Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity, edited by R.F. Follett and B.A. Stewart. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 305–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, M.L., T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn, 1985. Climatic change: How vulnerable is agriculture?Environment 27: 4–5, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn. (ed.). 1988.The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture: Vol. 1. Assessment in Cool Temperature and Cold Regions; Vol. 2, Assessment in Semiarid Regions. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Population Crisis Committee. 1989. 1 page memo. Washington, DC: Population Crisis Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel, D. (ed.). 1992.World Soil Erosion and Conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and M. Burgess. 1980. Energy inputs in corn production. In:Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture, edited by D. Pimentel. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 67–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and C.W. Hall. (ed.). 1989.Food and Natural Resources. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — S. Fast, W.L. Chao, E. Stuart, J. Dintzis, G. Einbender, W. Schlappi, D. Andow, and K. Broderick. 1982. Water resources in food and energy production.BioScience 32: 861–867.

    Google Scholar 

  • — D. Wen, S. Eigenbrode, H. Lang, D. Emerson, and M. Karasik. 1986. Deforestation: interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture.Oikos 46: 404–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • — J. Allen, A. Beers, L. Guinand, R. Linder, P. McLaughlin, B. Meer, D. Musonda, D. Perdue, S. Poisson, S. Siebert, K. Stoner, R. Salazar, and A. Hawkins. 1987. World agriculture and soil erosion.BioScience 37: 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • — L. McLaughlin, A. Zepp, B. Lakitan, T. Kraus, P. Kleinman, F. Vancini, W.J. Roach, E. Graap, W.S. Keeton, and G. Selig. 1991. Environmental and economic impacts of reducing U.S. agricultural pesticide use. In:Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, edited by D. Pimentel. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 679–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • — U. Stachow, D.A. Takacs, H. Brubaker, A.R. Dumas, J.J. Meaney, J.A.S. O'Neil, D.E. Onsi, and D.B. Corzilius. 1992. Conserving biological diversity in agricultural/forestry systems.BioScience 42: 354–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pons, T.L. 1982. Factors affecting weed seed germination and seedling growth in lowland rice in Indonesia.Weed Research 22: 155–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Population Reference Bureau. 1991.World Population Data Sheet. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postel, S. 1989.Water for Agriculture: Facing the Limits. Worldwatch Paper 93. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1990. Saving water for agriculture. In: State of the World, edited by L.R. Brown, A. Durning, C. Flavin, H. French, J. Jacobson, M. Lowe, S. Postel, M. Renner, L. Starke, and J. Young.State of the World. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute. pp. 39–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and M.L. Heise, 1988.Reforesting the Earth. Worldwatch Paper 83. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, U.K. and N.N. Sharma. 1984. Response of early paddy varieties to different soil moisture regimes in calcerous soil.Indian Journal of Agronomy. 29: 312–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, V. 1988. The greenhouse theory of climate change: A test by an inadvertent global experiment.Science 240: 293–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raper, C.D. and P.J. Kramer. 1987. Stress physiology. In:Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, edited by J.R. Wilcox. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 589–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revelle, R.R. 1989. Thoughts on abatement and adaptation. In:Greenhouse Warming: Abatement and Adaptation, edited by N.J. Rosenberg, W.E. Easterling III, P.R. Crosson, and J. Darmstadter. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. pp. 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rind, D. 1988. The doubled CO2 climate and sensitivity of the modeled hydrologic cycle.J. Geographical Research 93: 5385–5412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritschard, R.L. and K. Tsao. 1978.Energy and Water Use in Irrigated Agriculture During Drought Conditions. U.S. DOE LBL-7866. University of California, Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkely Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, P. and M. Fiering. 1989. Climate change: do we know enough to act.Forum Appl. Res. Publ. Policy 4(4): 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N.J., W.E. Easterling III, P.R. Crosson, and J. Darmstadter. (Eds.) 1989.Greenhouse Warming: Abatement and Adaption. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, C. and M.M. Daniel, 1989. Agriculture. In: The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States, edited by J.B. Smith and D. Tirpak. Washington, DC: US EPA. pp. 93–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahn, D.E. 1989.Seasonal Variability in Third World Agriculture. Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salassi, M.E. and J.A. Musick. 1983.An economic analysis of rice irrigation pumping systems in Louisiana. D.A.E. research report no. 617, LA Agr. Exp. Sta., LA State University.

  • Schiller, J.M. and P. Indhapun. 1979.Weed control studies in direct seeded upland rice. Proc. 7th Asian-Pac. Weed Sci. Soc. Conference, Sydney.

  • Schneider, S.H. 1989a. The changing climate.Scientific America 261(3): 70–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1989b.Global Warming: Entering the Greenhouse Century. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 324 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seaman, D.E. 1983. Farmers' weed control technology for water-seeded rice in North America.Weed Control in Rice. Laguna, Philippines: IRRI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seddigh, M. and G.D. Jolliff. 1984. Night temperature effects on morphology, phenology, yield and yield components of intermediate field-grown soybean.Agronomy Journal 76: 824–834.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, R.H. 1980. Climate change and the future of American agriculture. In:The Future of American Agriculture as a Strategic Resource, edited by S.S. Batie and R.G. Healy. Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation. pp. 251–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B.N. and B.K. Mehta. 1938. Water requirement of wheat as influenced by the fertility of the soil.Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 30: 395–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M.P. and S. Chandra. 1967. Population dynamics of rice stink-bug (Leptocosoria varicornis) in relation to weather factors.Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 37(2): 112–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, S.K., N.H. Rao, and M.S. Swaminathan. 1988. Food security in the changing global climate. In:WMO, Proceedings, The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security. Report 710. Geneva: WMO. pp. 167–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit, B., L. Ludlow, and M. Brklacich, 1988. Implications of a global climatic warming for agriculture: a review and appraisal.Journal of Environmental Quality 17: 519–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, W. 1989. Governments start preparing for global warming disasters. Nov. 14, 1989.New York Times. pp. C1, C13.

  • Stiles, D. and R. Brennan. 1986. The food crisis and environmental conservation in Africa.Food Policy 11(4): 298–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stommel, H. and E. Stommel. 1979. The year without a summer.Scientific American 240(6): 176–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strain, B.R. and F.A. Bazzaz. 1983. Terrestrial plant communities. In: CO2 and Plants: The Response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, edited by E.R. Lemon. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 177–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and J.D. Cure, (ed.). 1985.Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation.DOE/ER — 0238. Washington, DC: Office of Energy Research, US Dept. of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swindale, L.D. 1980. Personal communication. ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, I. 1976. Climatic influence on photosynthesis and respiration of rice. In: Proc. Symp. on Climate and Rice. Los Baños, Philippines: IRRI. pp. 223–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tans, P.P., I.Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi. 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget.Science 247: 1431–1438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temu, A.E.M. 1980.Growth, morphological development, nutrient uptake, and yield of two soybean cultivars grown on the same soils in two environments. Ph.D. Thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teramura, A.H. and N.S. Murali, 1986. Intraspecific differences in growth and yield of soybeans exposed to UV-B radiation under greenhouse and field conditions.Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(1): 89–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and J.H. Sullivan. 1989. How increased solar ultraviolet-B radiation may impact agricultural productivity. In:Coping with Climate Change. Proc. 2nd North American Conf. on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach. Washington, DC: Climate Institute. pp. 203–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teramura, A.H. and N.S. Murali, J.H. Sullivan, and L.M. Ziska, 1990. The interaction of elevated UV-B radiation and CO2 on productivity and photosynthesis in rice, wheat and soybean. (Manuscript).

  • Thompson, L. 1975. Weather variability, climate change, and grain production.Science 188: 535–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolbert, N.E. 1983. Effect of increasing CO2 in photosynthesis.Advances in Photosynthesis Research 4: 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trang, K.M. and J. Giddens. 1980. Shading and temperature effects on soybeans. Agronomy Journal 72: 305–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trexler, M.C., P.E. Faeth, and J.M. Kramer, 1989. Forestry as a response to global warming: an analysis of the Guatemala agroforestry and carbon sequestration project. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi, R.P., H.S. Kushwana, and R.K. Mishira. 1986. Irrigation requirements of rice under shallow water table conditions.Agr. Water Manage. 12: 127–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tropical Agriculture Research Center. 1987.International symposium on technologies for double cropping rice in the tropics. Yatabe, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan: Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Environment Program. 1987.The Greenhouse Gases. UNEP/GEMS Environment Library No. 1. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Bureau of Commerce. 1990.Statistical Abstracts. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Bureau of Commerce. 1990.National Energy Policy Act. US Senate: US Congressional Record.

  • US Department of Agriculture 1978.Palouse Cooperative River Basin Study. SCS, Forest Service, Econ. Statistics and Coop. Serv. Washington, DC: USGPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1989.Agricultural Statistics. Washington, DC: USDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Water Resources Council. 1979.The Nation's Water Resources. 1975–2000. Vols. 1–4. Second National Water Assessment. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: United States Water Resources Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dat, T. 1986. An overview of upland rice in the world. In:Progress in Upland Rice Research, edited by F.J. Shidelar. Manila, Philippines: IRRI, pp. 51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virmani, S.M., S.J. Reddy, and M.N.S. Bose. 1980.A Handbook on the Rainfall Climatology of West Africa. Data for Selected Locations. Info. Bull., Intl. Crops Res. Inst. for the Semi-Arid Tropics No. 7. Patencheru, India: ICRISAT. 52 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waggoner, P.E. 1983. Agriculture and a climate change caused by more carbon dioxide. In:Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 383–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1984. Agriculture and carbon dioxide.American Science 72: 179–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1990.Climate change and U.S. water resources. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 496 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. 1969. One degree increments in soil temperatures affect maize seedling behavior.Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33: 729–736.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J.R., R.A. Hardt, and T.E.Kuhule, 1989.Farming in the Greenhouse. Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, K.E.F. 1990. The global greenhouse warming debate. Davis, CA: Separate University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westcott, N.P. and K.W. Vines. 1986. A comparison of sprinkler and flood irrigation for rice.Agronomy Journal 78: 637–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, R.M. and T.W. Tibbits. 1989. Life support systems in space: effects of CO2 enrichment.American Potato Journal 66: 25–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, M.R. 1985. Characterization of information requirements for studies of CO2 effects: Water resources, agriculture, fisheries, forests and human health. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiks, D. 1988. Estimating the consequences of CO2-induced climate change on North American grain agriculture using general circulation model information.Climatic Change 13(1): 19–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. (ed.). 1978.Carbon Dioxide, Climate and Society. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W.O., W.E. Larson, and D. Kirkham. 1957. Corn growth as affected by soil temperature and mulch.Agronomy Journal 49: 323–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.L., W.E. Loomis, and T.A. Steeves. 1971.Botany. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisconsin Energy News. 1988. The greenhouse effect: another kind of energy crisis.Wisconsin Energy News. Vol. 9, No. 4, July–Aug, 1988.

  • Woodwell, G.M. 1989a. Biotic causes and effects of the disruption of the global carbon cycle. In:The Challenge of Global Warming, edited by D.E. Abrahamson. Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1989b. The warming of the industrialized middle latitudes 1985–2050: causes and consequences.Climatic Change 15:31–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — J.E. Hobbie, R.A. Houghton, J.M. Melillo, B. Moore, B.J. Peterson, and G.R. Shaver. 1983. Global deforestation: contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide.Science 222: 1081–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 1989a.Asia Region Review of Watershed Development Strategies and Technologies. Oct. 1989. Asia Region, Technical Development Agricultural Division. Environment Department, Policy and Research Division. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1989b.Soil and Water Conservation in Asia. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1990.World Development Report on, Poverty.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Potato Facts. 1982. Training and Communications Department. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worldwatch. 1992.State of the World. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Resources Institute. 1990.World Resources 1990–91. A Guide to the Global Environment. World Resources Institute. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1992.World Resources 1992–93. A Guide to the Global Environment. World Resources Institute. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, H.T. and A.R. Spurr. 1964. Effects of soil temperature on growth and nutrition of potato plants and tuberization, composition and periderm structure of tubers.Proceedings of the American Society of Horticultural Science 84:412–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M.M., T. Horie, H. Seino, H. Tsujii T. Uchijima, and Z. Uchijima. 1988. The effects of climatic variations on agriculture in Japan. In:The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, edited by M.L. Parry, T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konjin Vol. 1. Assesment in Cool, Temperate, and Cold Regions. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel Publ. Co. pp. 723–868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zehnder, G.W. 1989. Personal communication. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Painter, VA: Eastern Shore Agr. Exp. Station.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pimentel, D., Brown, N., Vecchio, F. et al. Ethical issues concerning potential global climate change on food production. J Agric Environ Ethics 5, 113–146 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966356

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966356

Keywords

Navigation