Skip to main content
Log in

Stratigraphy and geology of the ignimbrites of Vulsini Volcano, central Italy

  • Aufsätze
  • Published:
Geologische Rundschau Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Der Vulkan Vulsini in Mittelitalien entstand im Quartär und wird von pyroklastischen Lavadecken geprägt. Sechs ausgedehnte Ignimbritmassen (Mengen 0,5 bis 4 km3) und eine gro\e Anzahl kleinerer Ignimbritkörper wurden festgestellt. Die Ignimbrite kommen zusammen mit Pyroklastiten, feinen Aschen und einigen hochtemperierten pyroklastischen „surge“-Absätzen vor. Die Ignimbrite sind schlecht sortiert, verschwei\t und unverschwei\t. Jeder Ignimbrit besteht aus vielen Lagen, und der Boden jeder Lage ist durch eine feinkörnige Grundlage markiert. Inverse Gradierung gro\er Bimsstein-Fragmente und normale Gradierung gro\er Klastite kommen häufig vor. Die grö\ten Fremdgesteins-Fragmente nehmen mit der Entfernung von der Caldera di Latera ab, nur Ignimbrit C verringert sich mit der Entfernung von der Caldera di Bolsena. Analysen von Bimsstein-Fragmenten der Ignimbrite zeigen eine wechselnde Zusammensetzung (SiO2 49–62%). Ein Vergleich der Zusammensetzung der Lava und der Pyroklastika zeigt jedoch, da\ die Magmen, die das pyroklastische Gestein bilden, allgemein kieselsäurereicher entwickelt sind. Die Korngrö\e und die Morphologie der Ignimbrite deuten darauf hin, da\ sie aus dichten Gas/Feststoff-Dispersionen deponiert worden sind, und pyroklastische Lagen werden als durch Gas transportierte Gesteinstrümmer gedeutet.

Abstract

Vulsini Volcano, Bolsena District, central Italy is a Quaternary centre eruptions of which have been dominated by the production of ignimbrites. Stratigraphic studies show that there are six major ignimbrite units with individual minimum volumes of 0.5 to 3 km3 and a large number of smaller ignimbrite units, together with pyroclastic surge and pyroclastic fall deposits. It is estimated that at least 90% of the volcanic products are pyroclastic producing a low profile volcano with 1 to 5‡ slopes.

Lithic clasts in the ignimbrite units decrease systematically in size away from the source, but pumice clasts have an irregular size distribution. Grain size characteristics of the ignimbrites are typical of pyroclastic flow deposits with clasts ranging from a metre to a few microns in size. Reverse grading of large pumice clasts and normal grading of large lithic clasts are common in individual flow units. Each ignimbrite is composed of a large number of individual flow units each having a finer grained basal layer. Both sillar and non-welded facies occur. Coherent ignimbrite (sillar) is the result of vapour phase crystallisation in the pore spaces with no deformation of the clasts. The ignimbrites are associated with fine grained air fall ash beds, cross-bedded pyroclastic surge deposits and pumice fall deposits formed in the same eruptions.

Chemical analyses show that the ignimbrites have a wide range of composition (50 to 62% SiO2). Many chemical studies of volcanoes exclude pyroclastic rocks in favour of lavas. The implications and problems of such biased sampling are discussed.

Transportation of the ignimbrites is believed to be that of a semi-fluidised debris flow. Viscosities of the pyroclastic flows, estimated from their capacity to transport lithic debris, must have been between 101 and 103 poises. The previously proposed hypothesis that these ignimbrites have formed from a gas super-saturated lava or froth flow is incompatible with their field and grain size characteristics and is rejected.

Riassunto

Il vulcano di Vulsini, nell'Italia Centrale, è un centro di epoca quaternaria nel quale la produzione di colate piroclastiche è stata prédominante. Vi si possono riconoscere sei maggiori ignimbriti di larga mole (volumi 0.5–3 Km3) oltre a un gran numéro di ignimbriti di minor volume, associate a depositi di “pyroclastic fall”, di ceneri minute e a depositi di “spinta” piroclastica (base surge) ad alta temperatura, formatesi nelle stesse eruzioni.

Le ignimbriti si presentano sia saldate o non saldate e sono scarsemente separate. Ognuno di esse è composto da un insieme di colate individuali la cui base è segnata da uno strato basilare a grana più fine, e nelle quali sono comuni larghi frammenti di pomice a gradazione inversa e larghi frammenti litici di gradazione normale. Per quanto riguarda tutti le maggiori ignimbriti, la mole massima dei frammenti di roccia estranea decresce con l'allontanarsi dalla caldera di Latera, ad eccezione dell'ignimbrite C, per la quale questo avviene allontanandosi dalla caldera di Bolsena. Analisi di frammenti di pomice proveniente dalle ignimbriti mostrano la presenza di una vasta gamma die elementi (SiO2 49%–62%), tuttavia dal confronta fra lave e materiali piroclastici risulta che i magmi che formano le rocce piroclastiche sono, in generale, molto più evoluti. La grossezza della grana e le caratteristiche morfologiche delle ignimbriti fanno ritenere che la loro origine sia dovuta al depositarsi di dispersioni di gas densi, poco espansi e di solidi, e che le colate piroclastiche siano da considerarsi come colate di detriti, lubrificati dal gas.

кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ

ВУлкАН ВУльжИНИ В сРЕ ДНЕИ ИтАлИИ ОБРАжОВА лсь В ЧЕтВЕРтИЧНОМ пЕРИОД Е И хАРАктЕРИжУЕтсь пИ РОклАстИЧЕскИМИ лАВ ОВыМИ пОкРОВАМИ. УстАНОВлЕ НО 6 ОБшИРНых ИгНИМБРИтО В, ОБЩЕМОМ В 0,5 ДО 4 кМ« И БО льшОЕ кОлИЧЕстВО БОлЕЕ МЕлкИх ИгНИМБРИтОВы х тЕл. ЁтИ ИгНИМБРИты с МЕшАНы с пИРОклАстИтАМИ, МЕлкИМ пЕплОМ И ОтДЕл ьНыМИ ВысОкОтЕМпЕРА тУРНыМИ пИРОклАстИЧЕскИМИ «surge» ОБРАжОВАНИьМИ. Ёт И ИгНИМБРИты плОхО ОтсОРтИРОВАНы И ЧАст ИЧНО спЕклИсь. кАжДыИ ИгНИ МБРИт сОстОИт Иж МНОг ОЧИслЕННых слОЕВ, И ОсНОВАНИЕ кАжДОгО слОь ОтМЕЧЕН О МЕлкОжЕРНИстОИ пОД стИлкОИ. ЧАстО ОтМЕЧАЕтсь сАМ ыЕ РАжНООБРАжНыЕ тУФФы. ОБлОМкИ ЧУжЕРОДНОИ п ОРОДы УМЕНьшАУтсь с ДИстАН цИЕИ От Caldera di LatИra, тОлькО ИгНИМБР Ит с УМЕНьшАЕтсь с РАсстОьНИЕМ От Caldera di Bilsena. АНАлИжАМИ ОБлОМкО В пЕМжы ИгНИМБРИтОВ УстАНОВИлИ Их ИжМЕНьУЩИИсь сОстАВ (SiO2 От 49 ДО 62%). сРАВНЕНИЕ сОс тАВА лАВы И пИРОклАстИтОВ ДОкАжАлО, ЧтО МАгМы, ОБ РАжОВАВшИЕ пИРОклАс тИты, В ОБЩЕМ БОлЕЕ ОБОгАЩЕНы кРЕМНИЕМ. В ЕлИЧИНА И МОРФОлОгИь ИгНИМБРИтОВ УкАжыВА Ет НА тО, ЧтО ОНИ ОтлОжИлИсь Иж плОтНых ДИспЕРсИИ гА ж-тВЁРДОЕ тЕлО, А пИРОклАстИЧЕс кИЕ пРОслОИкИ слЕДУЕт РА ссМАтРИВАть, кАк пЕРЕ НЕсЕННыЕ гАжОМ ОБлОМкИ пОРОД.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Appleton, J. D.: Petrogenesis of Potassium-rich lavas from the Roccamonfina Volcano, Roman Region, Italy. - J. Pet.,10, 3, 425–456, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beavon, R. V., Fitch, F. J., &Rast, N.: Nomenclature and diagnostic features of ignimbrites with reference to Snowdonia. Liverpool & Manchester Geol., J.,2, 4, 600–611, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Care, B. W.: Special Project on ignimbrites. - B. Sc. Thesis, Imperial College, London 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, E.: Tuff-lavas and ignimbrites — a survey of Soviet Studies. New York (Elsevier) 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, B. M., &Fisher, R. V.: Sedimentary Structures in base surge deposits with special reference to cross-bedding, Ubehebe Craters, Death Valley, California. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.,84, 663–682, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenner, C. N.: The Katmai Region Alaska and the Great Eruption of 1912. - J. Geol.,7, 569, 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. V.: Mechanism of deposition from pyroclastic flows. - Amer. J. Sci.,264, 350–363, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goransen, R. W.: The solubility of water in granite magmas. - Amer. J. Sci.,22, 481–502, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. L., &Mackenzie, W. S.: Phase equilibrium studies in the system NaAlSiO4 (nepheline) - KAlSiO4 (kalsilite) - SiO2 - H2O. - Miner. Mag.,34, 214–231, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, T. N., &Baragar, W. R. A.: A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian J. Earth Sci.,8, 523–548, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. W., Davies, R. A., &White, A. J. R.: Ulawun Volcano, New Britain. - Bur. Min. Res. Geol. & Geophys. Australia. Bull.,142, 42, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunii, D., &Levenspiel, O.: Fluidization Engineering. New York (Wiley & Sons) 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuno, H., Ishiwaki, T., Katsui, Y., Yagi, Y., Yamasali, M., &Taneda, S.: Sorting of pumice and lithic fragments as a key to eruptive and emplacement mechanism. - Japan. Journ. Geology and Geography,35, 223, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lirer, L., Pescatore, T., Booth, B., &Walker, G. P. L.: Two Plinian Fall Deposits from Somma-Vesuvius, Italy. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.84, 759, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locardi, E., &Mittempergher, M.: Study of an uncommon lava sheet in the Bolsena District (Central Italy). - Bull. Volcanol.,28, 75–84, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: On the Genesis of Ignimbrites. How ignimbrites and other pyroclastic products originate from a a flowing mel. - Bull. Volcanol.,31, 131–152, 1967 b.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: Sulla genesi delle ignimbriti (come ignimbriti ed altri prodotti piroclastici si generano da lave in colata). Rend. Soc. Mineral. It.,23, 1967 a.

  • McCall, G. J. H.: Froth flows in Kenya. - Geol. Rdsch.,54, 1148–1195, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, G. A.: Volcanoes. - New Jersey (Prentice Hall Inc.) 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minato, M., Hashimoto, S., Fujiwara, Y., Kumano, S., &Okado, S.: Stratigraphy of the Quaternary Ash and Pumiceous Products in south-western Hokkaido, N. Japan. Journ. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido University, Series 4,35, Nos. 3–4, 679–736, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moderni, P.: Contribuzione allo studio geologico dei Vulcani Vulsini. - Boll. R. Com. Geol. d'It, 34–35, 1903–1904.

  • Moore, J. G.: Base Surge in Recent Eruptions. - Bull. Volcanol.,30, 337–363, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. G., &Melson, W. G.: Nuée ardentes of the 1968 eruption of Mayon Volcano, Phillipines. Bull. Volcanol.,33, 600, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murai, I.: A study of the textural characteristics of pyroclastic flow deposits in Japan. - Bull. Earthqu. Res. Inst.,39, 133–254, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nappi, G.: Stratigrafia e petrografia dei Vulsini sud-occidentali (Caldera di Latera). - Boll. Soc. Geol. It.,88, 171–181, 1969 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Genesi ed evoluzione della Caldera di Latera. - Boll. del Servizio Geol. d'Italia,XC, 61–81, 1969 b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sbar, M. L., &Matumoto, T.: Refraction profiles in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai, Alaska. Bull. Volcanol.,35, 335–349, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schairer, J. F.: The alkali-feldspar join in the system NaAlSiO4 - KAlSiO4 - SiO2. - J. Geol.,58, 1950.

  • Schneider, H.: Petrographie des Lateravulkans und die Magmaentwicklung der Monti Volsini. Schweiz. Mineral. Petro. Mitt.,45, 331–455, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. B.: Alkali Exchange during devitrification and hydration of glasses in ignimbrite cooling units. Journ. Geol.,79, 100, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Self, S.: The Lajes Ignimbrite, Ilha Teceira, Azores. - Com dos Serv. Geol. de Portugal,LV, 165–180, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, H.: Comments on the viscosity, crystal settling and convection granitic magmas. - Amer. J. Sci.,263, 120–152, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. L.: Zones and Zonal Variations in Welded Ash Flows. - U.S. Geol. Survey P.P. 354-F, 1960.

  • Sparks, R. S. J., &Walker, G. P. L.: The Ground Surge Deposit: a Third Type of Pyroclastic Rock. - Nature Phys. Sci.,241, 62–64, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, R. S. J., Self, S., &Walker, G. P. L.: Products of Ignimbrite Eruptions. - Geology,1, 115–118, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G. A.: Review of the volcanic activity in the Territory of Papua-New Guinea, the Solomon and New Hebrides Islands, 1951–1953. - Bull Volcanol.,18, 36, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington. - Bur. Mineral. Res., Australia, Geology & Geophys., Bull.38, 1958.

  • Tazieff, H.: Mechanisms of ignimbrite eruptions. In: The Mechanisms of igneous intrusions (Eds. Newall & Rast), Press, 157–164, Liverpool 1970.

  • Trigila, R., Ferhini, V., &Cozzupoli, D.: Studio geo-petrografico del complesso vulcanico di Latera (Vulcani Volsinii): Nota II. Per. di Mineralogia. - AnnoXL, 1–2, 125–169, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, P. M.: Le volcanisme ignimbritque du Tibesti (Sahara Tchadien). Essai d'interpretation dynamique. - Bull. Volcanol.,26, 259–272, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, G. P. L.: Grain size characteristics of pyroclastic deposits. - Journ. Geol.,79, 696–714, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington, H. S.: The Roman co-magmatic region. Washington (Carnegie Inst. Publ.) 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. E., &Curtis, R.: The eruption of Lopevi Volcano, New Hebrides, July 1960. - Bull. Volcanol.,27, 423–433, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama, S.: Flow and emplacement mechanism of the Ito Pyroclastic Flow in Southern Kyushu, Japan. - Volcanol. Soc. Jap., Bull.,16, 1, 42–43, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sparks, R.S.J. Stratigraphy and geology of the ignimbrites of Vulsini Volcano, central Italy. Geol Rundsch 64, 497–523 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820680

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820680

Keywords

Navigation