Résumé
Depuis quelques années, la revalidation précoce a pris une place prépondérante dans la prise en charge des malades de réanimation. Bien que des séquelles neuromusculaires aient été décrites depuis bien longtemps, on n’imaginait pas assez le rôle de l’alitement prolongé et de l’inactivité sur cette fonte et faiblesse musculaires. Actuellement, on comprend mieux les effets délétères des facteurs inflammatoires sur le muscle ainsi que les effets positifs de l’exercice sur ces mêmes facteurs. La revalidation doit être entreprise au plus tôt et, pour assurer la collaboration active du patient, la sédation doit être interrompue au plus vite. Cependant, même chez les patients comateux ou peu collaborant, on peut pratiquer sans crainte des mobilisations passives afin de préserver les amplitudes articulaires. La participation active apporte bien sûr beaucoup plus de bénéfice, ce d’autant plus qu’on peut aussi y ajouter des supports instrumentaux qui permettent de varier les programmes d’exercices. Avant de prendre en charge le malade, le kinésithérapeute devra s’assurer que le patient pourra tolérer le programme. Pour cela, il faut prendre en considération l’état respiratoire, hémodynamique et neurologique avant de fixer une intensité, une longueur et une fréquence de traitement. Souvent, cette prise en charge ne peut se faire que par la collaboration d’une équipe pluridisciplinaire motivée et si possible par la présence d’un nombre plus important de kinésithérapeutes au sein des unités de soins intensifs.
Abstract
In recent years, early rehabilitation has become an important goal in order to improve the outcome of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although neuromuscular sequelae have been described long ago, prolonged bed rest and inactivity result in muscle loss and weakness. The deleterious effects of inflammatory factors on muscle as well as the beneficial effects of exercise are now better understood. Revalidation must be initiated as early as possible in order to allow the patient’s active collaboration, while sedation must be avoided as much as possible. However, even comatose or non-collaborative patients can be passively mobilized to avoid joint contractures. Active mobilization is beneficial and technical supports can be added to improve exercises. Before initiating treatment, physiotherapists must assess the respiratory, haemodynamic, and neurological functions of the patients to ensure feasibility and safety of these procedures. Then, they define timing, intensity and frequency of exercises. These programs often require the collaboration of a motivated multidisciplinary team as well as a larger number of physiotherapists in the ICU.
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Norrenberg, M., Vincent, J.L. Rééducation motrice dans le cadre d’un séjour en réanimation. Réanimation 21, 80–87 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-011-0320-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-011-0320-5