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Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae

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Abstract

Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family Boletaceae are ecologically and economically very important. However, due to the morphological complexity and the limited phylogenetic information on the various species and genera of this fungal family, our understanding of its systematics and evolution remains rudimentary. In this study, DNA sequences of four genes (nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb1, and rpb2) were newly obtained from ca. 200 representative specimens of Boletaceae. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed seven major clades at the subfamily level, namely Austroboletoideae, Boletoideae, Chalciporoideae, Leccinoideae, Xerocomoideae, Zangioideae, and the Pulveroboletus Group. In addition, 59 genus-level clades were identified, of which 22 were uncovered for the first time. These 22 clades were mainly placed in Boletoideae and the Pulveroboletus Group. The results further indicated that the characters frequently used in the morphology-based taxonomy of Boletaceae, such as basidiospore ornamentation, the form of the basidioma, and the stuffed pores each had multiple origins within the family, suggesting that the use of such features for high-level classification of Boletaceae should be de-emphasized and combined with other characters.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the curators of the herbaria of GDGM, HMAS, HMJAU, NY and PDD, and Drs. Matteo Gelardi (Italy), Zai-Wei Ge, Xiang-Hua Wang, Xiao-Fei Shi, Li-Ping Tang, Shao-Xing Chen, Miss Qing Cai, Mr. Qi Zhao (Kunming Institute of Botany, KIB), and Dr. Jun-Feng Liang (Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, RITF) for providing specimens and permission of the DNA extraction from them. The authors are grateful to Dr. Jun-Feng Liang (RITF) and Dr. Zong-Xin Ren (KIB) for helping scan basidiospores. Thanks also are due to Dr. Michael Weiβ (Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany) and the anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31210103919), the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB138305) and the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams.

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  1. Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201, China

    Gang Wu, Bang Feng, Xue-Tai Zhu, Yan-Chun Li, Nian-Kai Zeng, Md. Iqbal Hosen & Zhu L. Yang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China

    Gang Wu, Xue-Tai Zhu & Md. Iqbal Hosen

  3. Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada

    Jianping Xu

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Wu, G., Feng, B., Xu, J. et al. Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae . Fungal Diversity 69, 93–115 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0283-8

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