Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Biopsychosocial Determinants of Health and Quality of life Among Young Women with Coronary Heart Disease

  • Women + Heart Disease (J Robinson, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Scientific advances have led to substantial reductions in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality over the past two decades. Impressive achievements in understanding sex differences in CHD outcomes are currently overshadowed by the limited exploration of the health disparities among young women with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Even though patient-reported outcomes (PROs) such as perceived health and quality of life (QoL) independently predict cardiovascular events and mortality, there is a paucity of research on the determinants of PROs of young women. This review highlights the scientific evidence of the biological and psychosocial factors contributing to poor health and QoL among young women with ACS. Ascertaining the biopsychosocial determinants of PROs among young women will permit translation of this science into novel strategies for improved risk stratification and appropriate triage to age-specific and gender-sensitive personalized interventions that enhance self-management and reduce health differentials among this vulnerable cohort.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •• Of major importance

  1. Cannon CP, Brindis RG, Chaitman BR, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA key data elements and definitions for measuring the clinical management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes and coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards. Circulation. 2013;127:1052–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. •• Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:e6–e245. The American Heart Association provides this annual updated resource characterizing the burden of cardiovascular disease according to each subcategory in terms of their incidence, prevalence, annual mortality and annual costs.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:933–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kaplan RM, Stone AA. Bringing the laboratory and clinic to the community: mobile technologies for health promotion and disease prevention. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:471–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. •• Rumsfeld JS, Alexander KP, Goff Jr DC, et al. Cardiovascular health: the importance of measuring patient-reported health status: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2013;127:2233–49. This American Heart Association scientific statement encourages evaluating patient-reported health status outcomes directly from the patient and provides clarification of useful and standardized metrics for delineating cardiovascular health beyond mortality and morbidity outcomes.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dolor RJ, Melloni C, Chatterjee R et al. Treatment Strategies for Women With Coronary Artery Disease. Comparative Effectivness Review No. 66. Rockville, MD: Prepared by Duke Evicence-based Practice Center; 2012 August 2012. Report No.: 12-EHC070-EF.

  7. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2011: With Special Feature on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Hyattsville, MD 2012

  8. Bangalore S, Fonarow GC, Peterson ED, et al. Age and gender differences in quality of care and outcomes for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2012;125:1000–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Towfighi A, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. National gender-specific trends in myocardial infarction hospitalization rates among patients aged 35 to 64 years. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1102–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Huffman MD, Lloyd-Jones DM, Ning H, et al. Quantifying options for reducing coronary heart disease mortality by 2020. Circulation. 2013;127:2477–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in the U.S. from 1980 through 2002: concealed leveling of mortality rates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2128–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mosca L, Barrett-Connor E, Wenger NK. Sex/gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention: what a difference a decade makes. Circulation. 2011;124:2145–54.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. •• Zhang Z, Fang J, Gillespie C, et al. Age-specific gender differences in in-hospital mortality by type of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:1097–103. This study of in-patient admission databases examined gender differences for in-hospital mortality across age groups by type of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. They found that women with ST-segment elevation AMI and < 50 years of age had a 98% higher risk of in-hospital death then men of the same age.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Vaccarino V, Horwitz RI, Meehan TP, et al. Sex differences in mortality after myocardial infarction: evidence for a sex-age interaction. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2054–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Goldberg RJ, et al. Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2012;307:813–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Champney KP, Frederick PD, Bueno H, et al. The joint contribution of sex, age and type of myocardial infarction on hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2009;95:895–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Tsai J. Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999-2008. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35:736–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shay CM, Ning H, Daniels SR, et al. Status of Cardiovascular Health in US Adolescents: Prevalence Estimates From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2005-2010. Circulation. 2013;127:1369–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Anderson ML, Peterson ED, Brennan JM, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of coronary stenting in women versus men: results from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services cohort. Circulation. 2012;126:2190–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ahmed B, Dauerman HL. Women, bleeding, and coronary intervention. Circulation. 2013;127:641–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Poon S, Goodman SG, Yan RT, et al. Bridging the gender gap: Insights from a contemporary analysis of sex-related differences in the treatment and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J. 2012;163:66–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wasfy JH, Rosenfield K, Zelevinsky K, et al. A prediction model to identify patients at high risk for 30-day readmission after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:429–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Khawaja FJ, Rihal CS, Lennon RJ, et al. Temporal trends (over 30 years), clinical characteristics, outcomes, and gender in patients </=50 years of age having percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:668–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Norris CM, Spertus JA, Jensen L, et al. Sex and gender discrepancies in health-related quality of life outcomes among patients with established coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2008;1:123–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Li C, et al. Gender differences in coronary heart disease and health-related quality of life: findings from 10 states from the 2004 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008;17:757–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Tamis-Holland JE, Lu J, Korytkowski M, et al. Sex differences in presentation and outcome among patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease treated with contemporary medical therapy with or without prompt revascularization: a report from the BARI 2D Trial (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1767–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Short SE, Yang YC, Jenkins TM. Sex, gender, genetics, and health. Am J Public Health. 2013;103 Suppl 1:S93–S101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Melloni C, Berger JS, Wang TY, et al. Representation of women in randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease prevention. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:135–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women–2011 update: a guideline from the american heart association. Circulation. 2011;123:1243–62.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bugiardini R, Yan AT, Yan RT, et al. Factors influencing underutilization of evidence-based therapies in women. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1337–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wenger NK. Women and coronary heart disease: a century after herrick: understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Circulation. 2012;126:604–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121:586–613.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. •• Khan NA, Daskalopoulou SS, Karp I, et al. Sex differences in acute coronary syndrome symptom presentation in young patients. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(20):1863–71. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10149. This study found that although young women with acute coronary syndromes were more likely to present without chest pain, this absence of chest pain was not associated with markers of coronary disease severity.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Eastwood JA, Johnson BD, Rutledge T, et al. Anginal symptoms, coronary artery disease, and adverse outcomes in black and white women: the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013;22:724–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Gulati M, Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN. Myocardial ischemia in women: lessons from the NHLBI WISE study. Clin Cardiol. 2012;35:141–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lansky A, Elashoff MR, Ng V, et al. A gender-specific blood-based gene expression score for assessing obstructive coronary artery disease in nondiabetic patients: results of the Personalized Risk Evaluation and Diagnosis in the Coronary Tree (PREDICT) trial. Am Heart J. 2012;164:320–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1113–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mente A, Yusuf S, Islam S, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of acute myocardial infarction a case-control study of 26,903 subjects from 52 countries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2390–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ishii S, Karlamangla AS, Bote M, et al. Gender, obesity and repeated elevation of C-reactive protein: data from the CARDIA cohort. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36062. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036062.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L. Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2013;14:232–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pischon T, Hu FB, Rexrode KM, et al. Inflammation, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of coronary heart disease in women and men. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197:392–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Libby P. Mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes and their implications for therapy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2004–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Jaremka LM, Lindgren ME, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Synergistic relationships among stress, depression, and troubled relationships: insights from psychoneuroimmunology. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:288–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Khan DA, Ansari WM, Khan FA. Pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of premature coronary artery disease. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31:561–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Matthews KA, Schott LL, Bromberger JT, et al. Are there bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein in mid-life women? Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24:96–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Janssen I, Powell LH, Matthews KA, et al. Depressive symptoms are related to progression of coronary calcium in midlife women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2011;161:1186–91. e1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:446–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hansson GK, Hermansson A. The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:204–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rutledge T, Linke SE, Johnson BD, et al. Relationships between cardiovascular disease risk factors and depressive symptoms as predictors of cardiovascular disease events in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21:133–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Palomaki GE, Melillo S, Bradley LA. Association between 9p21 genomic markers and heart disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;303:648–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ranthe MF, Carstensen L, Oyen N, et al. Family history of premature death and risk of early onset cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:814–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Chow CK, Islam S, Bautista L, et al. Parental history and myocardial infarction risk across the world: the INTERHEART Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:619–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Otaki Y, Gransar H, Berman DS, et al. Impact of family history of coronary artery disease in young individuals (from the CONFIRM registry). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:1081–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Roberts R, Stewart AF. Genes and coronary artery disease: where are we? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1715–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Johnson AD, Hwang SJ, Voorman A, et al. Resequencing and clinical associations of the 9p21.3 region: a comprehensive investigation in the framingham heart study. Circulation. 2013;127:799–810.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Musunuru K, Kathiresan S. Genetics of coronary artery disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2010;11:91–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Samani N, Erdmann J, Hall A, et al. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:443–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A, et al. A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction. Science. 2007;316:1491–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Koch W, Turk S, Erl A, et al. The chromosome 9p21 region and myocardial infarction in a European population. Atherosclerosis. 2011;217:220–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ardissino D, Berzuini C, Merlini PA, et al. Influence of 9p21.3 genetic variants on clinical and angiographic outcomes in early-onset myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:426–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Franceschini N, Carty C, Buzkova P, et al. Association of genetic variants and incident coronary heart disease in multiethnic cohorts: the PAGE study. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2011;4:661–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Beckie TM, Groer MW, Beckstead JW. The relationship between polymorphisms on chromosome 9p21 and age of onset of coronary heart disease in black and white women. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2011;15:435–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Folsom AR, Nambi V, Pankow JS, et al. Effect of 9p21 genetic variation on coronary heart disease is not modified by other risk markers. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224:435–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Harismendy O, Notani D, Song X, et al. 9p21 DNA variants associated with coronary artery disease impair interferon-gamma signalling response. Nature. 2011;470:264–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Almontashiri NA, Fan M, Cheng BL, et al. Interferon-gamma activates expression of p15 and p16 regardless of 9p21.3 coronary artery disease risk genotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:143–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Adler NE, Adashi EY, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al. Women's Health Research: Progress, Pitfalls, and Promise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Rutledge T, Linke SE, Johnson BD, et al. Self-rated versus objective health indicators as predictors of major cardiovascular events: the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:549–55.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Yeh RW, Sidney S, Chandra M, et al. Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2155–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Roger VL, Weston SA, Gerber Y, et al. Trends in incidence, severity, and outcome of hospitalized myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2010;121:863–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:190–222.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Steptoe A, Kivimaki M. Stress and cardiovascular disease: an update on current knowledge. Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:337–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. •• Arnold SV, Smolderen KG, Buchanan DM, et al. Perceived stress in myocardial infarction: long-term mortality and health status outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1756–63. This large multi-centered registry of acute myocardial infarction patients found that moderate/high perceived stress, independent of depressive symptoms, at the time of acute myocardial infarction was associated with adverse long-term outcomes including 1-year health status and mortality.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Leifheit-Limson EC, Reid KJ, Kasl SV, et al. The role of social support in health status and depressive symptoms after acute myocardial infarction: evidence for a stronger relationship among women. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:143–50.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jiang W, Samad Z, Boyle S, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:714–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Reese RL, Freedland KE, Steinmeyer BC, et al. Depression and rehospitalization following acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4:626–33.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Davidson KW, Burg MM, Kronish IM, et al. Association of anhedonia with recurrent major adverse cardiac events and mortality 1 year after acute coronary syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:480–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Parashar S, Rumsfeld JS, Reid KJ, et al. Impact of depression on sex differences in outcome after myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Smolderen KG, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, et al. The association of cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms with depression recognition and outcomes after myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:328–37.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Shah AJ, Veledar E, Hong Y, et al. Depression and history of attempted suicide as risk factors for heart disease mortality in young individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:1135–42.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Doering LV, McKinley S, Riegel B, et al. Gender-specific characteristics of individuals with depressive symptoms and coronary heart disease. Heart Lung. 2011;40:e4–e14.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rutledge T, Vaccarino V, Johnson BD, et al. Depression and cardiovascular health care costs among women with suspected myocardial ischemia: prospective results from the WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:176–83.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Myers V, Gerber Y, Benyamini Y, et al. Post-myocardial infarction depression: increased hospital admissions and reduced adoption of secondary prevention measures - A longitudinal study. J Psychosom Res. 2012;72:5–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ye S, Muntner P, Shimbo D, et al. Behavioral mechanisms, elevated depressive symptoms, and the risk for myocardial infarction or death in individuals with coronary heart disease: the REGARDS (Reason for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:622–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Baumeister H, Hutter N, Bengel J. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011. CD008012.

  86. •• Rutledge T, Redwine LS, Linke SE, Mills PJ. A meta-analysis of mental health treatments and cardiac rehabilitation for improving clinical outcomes and depression among patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2013;75:335–49. This meta-analysis provides evidence for the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation on depression and clinical outcomes among patients (about 16 % women) with coronary heart disease.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Beckie TM, Beckstead JW, Schocken DD, et al. The effects of a tailored cardiac rehabilitation program on depressive symptoms in women: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011;48:3–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Davidson KW, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:600–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Doering LV, Moser DK, Riegel B, et al. Persistent comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety predict mortality in heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2010;145:188–92.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Chamberlain AM, Vickers KS, Colligan RC, et al. Associations of preexisting depression and anxiety with hospitalization in patients with cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:1056–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Rutledge T, Linke SE, Krantz DS, et al. Comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms as predictors of cardiovascular events: results from the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Psychosom Med. 2009;71:958–64.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Rutledge T, Kenkre TS, Bittner V, et al. Anxiety associations with cardiac symptoms, angiographic disease severity, and healthcare utilization: the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(3):2335–40. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Roest AM, Martens EJ, Denollet J, de Jonge P. Prognostic association of anxiety post myocardial infarction with mortality and new cardiac events: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:563–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Miller GE, Chen E, Parker KJ. Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychol Bull. 2011;137:959–97.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Carroll JE, Gruenewald TL, Taylor SE, et al. Childhood abuse, parental warmth, and adult multisystem biological risk in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(42):17149–53. doi:10.1073/pnas.1315458110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Anda RF, Butchart A, Felitti VJ, Brown DW. Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39:93–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Danese A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:1135–43.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Heim C, Shugart M, Craighead WE, Nemeroff CB. Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect. Dev Psychobiol. 2010;52:671–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Loucks EB, Almeida ND, Taylor SE, Matthews KA. Childhood family psychosocial environment and coronary heart disease risk. Psychosom Med. 2011;73:563–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. •• Rich-Edwards JW, Mason S, Rexrode K, et al. Physical and sexual abuse in childhood as predictors of early-onset cardiovascular events in women. Circulation. 2012;126:920–7. Data from the Nurses Health Study found that women experiencing adverse childhood experiences (ACE) had up to 56% higher risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in early adulthood. Adult risk factors associated with ACE accounted for a large proportion of the associations of ACE with CV risk suggesting that a large portion of the link beteen ACE with adult CV risk could be reduced by target prevention efforts.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fagundes CP, Bennett JM, Derry HM, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Relationships and inflammation across the lifespan: social developmental pathways to disease. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2011;5:891–903.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Appleton AA, Buka SL, Loucks EB, et al. A prospective study of positive early-life psychosocial factors and favorable cardiovascular risk in adulthood. Circulation. 2013;127:905–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Bambs C, Kip KE, Dinga A, et al. Low prevalence of "ideal cardiovascular health" in a community-based population: the heart strategies concentrating on risk evaluation (Heart SCORE) study. Circulation. 2011;123:850–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Oikonen M, Laitinen TT, Magnussen CG, et al. Ideal cardiovascular health in young adult populations from the United States, Finland, and Australia and its association with cIMT: the international childhood cardiovascular cohort consortium. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000244. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000244.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Robbins CL, Dietz PM, Cox S, Kuklina EV. Cholesterol screening for women: who is "at-risk"? J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013;22:404–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Huxley RR, Woodward M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet. 2011;378:1297–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. van Loon JE, de Maat MP, Deckers JW, et al. Prognostic markers in young patients with premature coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224:213–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Reibis R, Treszl A, Wegscheider K, et al. Disparity in risk factor pattern in premature versus late-onset coronary artery disease: a survey of 15,381 patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:473–81.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Leifheit-Limson EC, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, et al. Prevalence of traditional cardiac risk factors and secondary prevention among patients hospitalized for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI): variation by age, sex, and race. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013;22:659–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Huffman MD, Capewell S, Ning H, et al. Cardiovascular health behavior and health factor changes (1988-2008) and projections to 2020: results from the national health and nutrition examination surveys. Circulation. 2012;125:2595–602.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Mochari-Greenberger H, Miller KL, Mosca L. Racial/ethnic and age differences in women's awareness of heart disease. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21:476–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. •• Mosca L, Hammond G, Mochari-Greenberger H, et al. Fifteen-year trends in awareness of heart disease in women: results of a 2012 american heart association national survey. Circulation. 2013;127:1254–63. This survey highlights the effectiveness of national campaigns to raise awareness of heart disease among women and the continued efforts needed to remedy suboptimal awareness among minority women. Since 1997, the rates of awareness of cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death nearly doubled but a significant racial/ethnic minority gap exists.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Kling JM, Miller VM, Mankad R, et al. Go Red for Women cardiovascular health-screening evaluation: the dichotomy between awareness and perception of cardiovascular risk in the community. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013;22:210–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Galbraith EM, Mehta PK, Veledar E, et al. Women and heart disease: knowledge, worry, and motivation. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011;20:1529–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Drozda Jr J, Messer JV, Spertus J, et al. ACCF/AHA/AMA-PCPI 2011 Performance Measures for Adults With Coronary Artery Disease and Hypertension: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the American Medical Association-Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement. Circulation. 2011;124:248–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Smith Jr SC, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124:2458–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:e44–e164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27:121–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Balady GJ, Ades PA, Bittner VA, et al. Referral, enrollment, and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs at clinical centers and beyond: a presidential advisory from the american heart association. Circulation. 2011;124:2951–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Beckie TM, Beckstead JW. Predicting cardiac rehabilitation attendance in a gender-tailored randomized clinical trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2010;30:147–56.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Daniels KM, Arena R, Lavie CJ, Forman DE. Cardiac rehabilitation for women across the lifespan. Am J Med. 2012;125(937):e1–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. •• Farkouh ME, Boden WE, Bittner V, et al. Risk factor control for coronary artery disease secondary prevention in large randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1607–15. Data from 3 randomized trials of patients with coronary heart disease found that at 1 year, between 8% and 23% achieved pre-specified treatment goals for cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking cessation and glycated hemoglobin. These data suggest that current risk factor control approaches have significant limitations.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. •• Carrington MJ, Chan YK, Calderone A, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of a nurse-led, home-based intervention for optimal secondary cardiac prevention suggests some benefits for men but not for women: the Young at Heart study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:379–89. This multicenter, randomized trial of a nurse-led, home-based secondary prevention intervention was less effective in women than in men pointing to the need to consider programs tailored to the needs of women.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Beckie TM, Mendonca MA, Fletcher GF, et al. Examining the challenges of recruiting women into a cardiac rehabilitation clinical trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009;29:13–21.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Briffa TG, Hobbs MS, Tonkin A, et al. Population trends of recurrent coronary heart disease event rates remain high. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4:107–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Theresa M. Beckie has no conflicts of interest to declare

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by the author.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Theresa M. Beckie.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Women + Heart Disease

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beckie, T.M. Biopsychosocial Determinants of Health and Quality of life Among Young Women with Coronary Heart Disease. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 8, 366 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0366-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0366-1

Keywords

Navigation