Skip to main content
Log in

Suppression of scientific research: Bahramdipity and Nulltiple scientific discoveries

  • Published:
Science and Engineering Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip can be taken to be allegorical of not only chance discovery (serendipity) but of other aspects of scientific discovery as well. Just as Horace Walpole coined serendipity, so can the term bahramdipity be derived from the tale and defined as the cruel suppression of a serendipitous discovery. Suppressed, unpublished discoveries are designated nulltiples. Several examples are presented to make the case that bahramdipity is an existent aspect of scientific discovery. Other examples of non-ideal scientific research and discovery are provided in order to contrast and clarify the meaning and use of bahramdipity. Additional allegories of scientific discovery are taken from the tale and a hope for the strengthening of scientific integrity is expressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A brief account has appeared previously: Sommer, T.J. (1999) ‘Bahramdipity’ and Scientific Research. The Scientist 13(3) (February 1): 13. http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1999/feb/opin_990201.html

    Google Scholar 

  2. Stachel, J. J., Ed. (1987) The Collection of Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1. The Early Years, Princeton University Press, Princeton: Document No. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Roberts, R. M. (1989) Serendipity; Accidental Discoveries in Science. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Halacy, Jr., D. S. (1967) Science and Serendipity. Macrae Smith, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Austin, J. H. (1978) Chase, Chance and Creativity; The Lucky Art of Novelty. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bach, M. (1970) The World of Serendipity. DeVorss, Marina del Rey, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Valdes, M. J. and Guyon, E. (1998) Serendipity in Poetry and Physics, in: Shaffer, E. S., Ed., The Third Culture: Literature and Science. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York: 28–39.

    Google Scholar 

  8. van Andel, P. (1994) Anatomy of the Unsought Finding; Serendipity: Origin, History, Domains, Traditions, Appearances, Patterns and Programmability. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45: 631–48.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kantorovich, A. and Ne’eman, Y. (1989) Serendipity as a Source of Evolutionary Progress in Science. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 20: 505–29.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Campanario, J. M. (1996) Using Citation Classics to Study the Incidence of Serendipity in Scientific Discovery. Scientometrics 37(1): 3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Holubar, K. (1991) Serendipity — Its Basis and Importance. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 103(7): 533–535.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Blum, A. L. (1996) Solitary Views of the Stomach. Digestion 57: 287–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cammann, S. V. R. (1969) Christopher the Armenian and the Three Princes of Serendip, in: Aldridge, A. O., Ed., Comparative Literature: Matter and Method, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Firdawsi (1905) The Shahnama of Firdausi, translated by Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., London.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Nizami (1995) The Haft Paykar: a Medieval Persian Romance, translated by Julie Scott Meisami. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Piemontese, A. M. (1995) Gli otto paradisi di Amir Khusrau da Delhi: una lezione persiana del Libro di Sindbad fonte del Peregrinaggio di Cristoforo Armeno. Atti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche; Memorie, ser. 9, v. 6, fasc. 3. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Roma: 317–417.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Burton, R. F. (1901) Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Volume IV. Burton Society, Denver, CO: 1–15. (Facsimile reprint of the original 1886 Edition by the Kamashastra Society, Benares.)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Perry, B. E. (1960) The Origin of the Book of Sindbad. De Gruyter, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Habib, M. (1927) Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi. Aligarh Muslim University Publications, Bombay: 77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mirza, M. W. (1962) The Life and Works of Amir Khusrau. Panjab University Press, Lahore: 201–203.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lal, O. B. and Prasada, J. (1896) Complete Key to the Persian Entrance Course for 1897–1898 (for the University of Allahabad). Allahabad: 72–84.

  22. Remer, T. G., Ed. (1965) Serendipity and the Three Princes of Serendip; From the Peregrinaggio of 1557. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hodges, E. J. (1964) The Three Princes of Serendip. Atheneum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hodges, E. J. (1966) Serendipity Tales. Atheneum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ferdowsi (1967) The Epic of the Kings: Shah-Nama: The National Epic of Persia, translated by Reuben Levy. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kevles, D. J. (1998) The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character. Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hall, S. S. (1987) Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene. Atlantic Monthly Press, New York: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yarshater, E., Ed. (1968) The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sykes, P. (1951) A History of Persia, 3rd Ed. with supplementary essays. Macmillan and Co., London: 429.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Firdusi (1907) The Shah-Namah of Firdusi, translated by Alexander Rogers. Chapman & Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Meisami, J. S. (1987) Medieval Persian Court Poetry. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Feynman, R. P. (1985) Cargo Cult Science, in: Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynamn. W. W. Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gardner, M. (1957) Fads and Fallacies In the Name of Science. Dover Publications, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gardner, M. (1981) Science: Good, Band and Bogus. Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Friedlander, M. W. (1995) At the Fringes of Science. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wynne, B. (1976) C. G. Barkla and the J Phenomenon: A Case Study in the Treatment of Deviance in Physics. Social Studies of Science 6: 307–47.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wynne, B. (1979) Between Orthodoxy and Oblivion: The Normalisation of Deviance in Science, in: Wallis, R., Ed. On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge (Sociological Review Monograph 27), University of Keele, Keele: 67–84.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Broad, W. and Wade, N. (1982) Betrayers of the Truth. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Watson, J. D. (1993) Reflections — Succeeding in Science — Some Rules of Thumb. Science 261(5129): 1812–1813.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Krebs, H. (in collaboration with Anne Martin) (1981) Hans Krebs: Reminiscences and Reflections. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Feibelman, P. J. (1993) A Ph.D. is Not Enough. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Medawar, P. B. (1979) Advice to a Young Scientist. Harper and Row, New York: Chapter 7.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kauzmann, W. J. (1990) A Follow-up on a Recent Disquisition About Referees. New Journal of Chemistry 14(4): 257–8.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Slotten, H. R. (1994) Patronage, Practice, and the Culture of American Science; Alexander Dallas Bache and the U.S. Coastal Survey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Doel, R. E. (1996) Solar System Astronomy in America; Communities, Patronage, and Interdisciplinary Science, 1920–1960. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kanigel, R. (1993) Apprentice to Genius: The Making of a Scientific Dynasty. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hall, S. S. (1997) A Commotion in the Blood. Henry Holt, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hilts, P. (1982) Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Science. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Perutz, M. F. (1989) Is Science Necessary? Dutton, New York: 146–171.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Nissani, M. (1995) The Plight of the Obscure Innovator in Science — A Few Reflections on Campanario’s Note. Social Studies of Science 25(1): 165–183.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hardy, T. (1923) Jude the Obscure. Modern Library, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Stevenson, L. and Byerly, H. (1995) The Many Faces of Science, An Introduction to Scientists, Values, and Society. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bauer, H. H. (1992) Scientific Literacy and the Myth of the Scientific Method. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Barber, B. (1961) Resistance by Scientists to Scientific Discovery. Science 134(3479): 596–602.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  56. (1995) Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA: 217.

  57. Heller, J. (1961) Catch-22. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Berson, J. A. (1992) Discoveries Missed, Discoveries Made: Creativity, Influence, and Fame in Chemistry. Tetrahedron 48: 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Berson, J. A. (1999) Chemical Creativity: Ideas from the Work of Woodward, Hückel, Meerwein, and Others. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim & New York.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Straus, F. (1918) Johannes Thiele. Angewandte Chemie 31: 117–118.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Willstätter, R. (1949) Aus Meinem Leben. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim: 59 (as quoted by Berson).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Willistätter, R. (1965) From My Life: The Memoirs of Richard Willstätter, translated by Lilli S. Horig. W. A. Benjamin, New York: 60–65.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Krebs, H. (1981) Otto Warburg: Cell Physiologist, Biochemist and Eccentric. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Latour, B. (1987) Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 86–88.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Taubes, G. (1988) Nobel Dreams: Power, Deceit, and the Ultimate Experiment. Tempus Books, Redmond, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Gilpatrick, N. (1972) The Secret Life of Beatrix Potter. Natural History 59(8) (October): 38.

    Google Scholar 

  67. DeVorkin, D. H. (1989) Henry Norris Russell. Scientific American 260(5): 126–133.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Moran, G. (1998) Silencing Scientists and Scholars in Other Fields: Power, Paradigm, Controls, Peer Review, and Scholarly Communication. Ablex Publishing Corp., Greenwich, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Popovskii, M. A. (1979) Manipulated science: The crisis of science and scientists in the Soviet Union today, translated P. S. Falla. Doubleday, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hall, S. S. (1998) Lethal Chemistry at Harvard. The New York Times Magazine (November 29): 120–128.

  71. Moss, R. W. (1991) The Cancer Industry. Paragon House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Stock, C. C.; Martin, D. S.; Sugiura, K.; Fugmann, R. A.; Mountain, I. M.; Stockert, E.; Schmid, F. A.; Tarnowski, G. S. (1978) Antitumor Tests of Amygdalin in Spontaneous Animal Tumor Systems. Journal of Surgical Oncology 10(2): 89–123.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Teitelman, R. (1989) Gene Dreams: Wall Street, Academia, and the Rise of Biotechnology. Basic Books, New York: 166–168.

    Google Scholar 

  74. (Bloomberg News) (1999) Stock Financier Faces Fraud Charges. New York Times, July 2: C18, column 4.

  75. Shinbrot, T. (1999) Exploitation of Junior Scientists Must End. Nature 399(6736) (June 10): 521.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Doré, C. (1999) Les secrets éventés du thésard koweïten. Le Figaro, Septembre 24: 8. (English translation available upon request.)

  77. (1983) Speech Outlines Principles on Cooperative Research. Yale Alumni Magazine and Journal. March: 8.

  78. (1983) University Should Adapt Policies to Market Ideas, Says Researcher. Yale Alumni Magazine and Journal. March: 9.

  79. Pirozzolo, L. (1984) Computer Science Grad Students Call Memo a Threat. Yale Daily News. October 16: 1.

  80. Pirozzolo, L. (1984) Closed Computer Account Angers Student, Yale Daily News. October 17: 1.

  81. Wilson, E. (1999) Genentech, UC end patent standoff. Chemical and Engineering News 77(48) (November 29): 12.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Baringa, M. (1999) Genentech, UC Settle Suit for $200 Million. Science 286(5445): 1655.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Dalton, R. and Schlermeier, Q. (1999) Genentech pays $200m over growth hormone “theft”. Nature 402(6760): 335.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Hagmann, M. (1999) Researcher Rebuked for 20-Year-Old Misdeed, Science 286(5447): 2249.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Djerassi, C. (1989) Cantor’s Dilemma. Doubleday, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Djerassi, C. (1994) The Bourbaki Gambit. University of Georgia Press, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Cooper, W. (1953) The Struggles of Albert Woods. Doubleday, Garden City, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Snow, C. P. (1958) The Search. Scribner’s Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Adams, D. (1979) The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. Pocket Books, New York: Chapter 10.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wiener, N. (1959) The Tempter. Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Lewis, S. (1925) Arrowsmith. Harcourt, Brace and World, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Amis, K. (1953) Lucky Jim. Viking Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Adams, S. (1996) Fugitive from the Cubicle Police: A Dilbert Book. Andrews McMeel Publishing, Kansas City, MO, and other Dilbert compilations.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Heims, S. J. (1980) John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA: 385, note 40.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Mooney, C. J. (1988) Rutgers dismisses tenured professor. The Chronicle of Higher Education 34 (June 15): A18.

  96. Mooney, C. J. (1988) After lengthy hearings, Rutgers faculty panel recommends dismissal of tenured professor. The Chronicle of Higher Education 34 (Jan. 13): A11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Anonymous (1988) Slave labour don is sacked. The Times Higher Education Supplement No. 816 (June 24): 11.

  98. Djerassi, C. (1999) Who Will Mentor the Mentors? Nature 397(6717) (Jan 28): 291.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Fischbach, R. L. and Gilbert, D. C. (1995) The Ombudsman for Research Practice: A Proposal for a New Position and An Invitation to Comment. Science and Engineering Ethics 1(4): 389–402.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Merton, R. K. (1973) The Sociology of Science; Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Troyer, J. R. (1992) On the History and Characteristics of Some Multiple Discoveries in Botany, 1648–1965. American Journal of Botany 79(7), 833–841.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Cozzens, S. E. (1989) Social Control and Multiple Discovery in Science: The Opiate Receptor Case. State University of New York Press, Albany.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Garfield, E. (1973–1993) Essays of an Information Scientists, Vols. 1–15, ISI Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Campanario, J. M. (1993) Consolation for the Scientist: Sometimes it is Hard to Publish Papers that are Later Highly Cited. Social Studies of Science 23(2): 342–362.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Campanario, J. M. (1995) Commentary on Influential Books and Journal Articles Initially Rejected Because of Negative Referees’ Evaluations. Science Communication 16(3): 304–325.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Campanario, J. M. (1996) Have Referees Rejected Some of the Most-Cited Articles of All Times? Journal of the American Society for Information Sciences 47(4): 302–310.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Sheperd, G. B. (1995) Rejected. Thomas Horton and Daughters, Sun Lakes, AZ.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Ziman, J. (1998) The freedom not to listen. Nature 395(6705): 856.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Biagioli, M. (1993) Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Price, D. J. de S. (1986) Little Science, Big Science — and Beyond. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Soifer, V. (1994) Lysenko and the tragedy of Soviet science, translated by L. and R. Gruliow. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Stent, G. (1972) Prematurity and Uniqueness in Scientific Discovery. Scientific American 227(6): 84–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Silvers, R. E., Ed. (1995) Hidden Histories of Science. New York Review of Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hawking, S. W. (1988) A Brief History of Time. Bantam Books, New York: Chapter 6.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Zuckerman, H. and Lederberg, J. (1986) Postmature scientific discovery? Nature 324(6098): 629–631.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Kohn, A. (1989) Fortune or Failure: Missed Opportunities and Chance Discoveries in Science. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Crease, R. P. (1989) Righting the Antibiotic Record. Science 246(4952): 883–884.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Tiberio, V. (1985) Sugli Estratti di Alcune Muffe. Annali di Igiene Sperimentale 5: 91–103.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Guarino, A. (1989) Penicillin Was Born in Naples. Giornale Italiano Di Patologia Clinica 4(1): 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Koruga, D., Hameroff, S., Withers, J., Loutfy R., and Sundareshan, M. (1994) Fullerene C60, History, Physics, Nanobiology, Nanotechnology. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Aldersey-Williams, H. (1995) The Most Beautiful Molecule. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Perutz, M. F. (1998) I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, New York: 177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Ziman, J. (1981) Some Pathologies of the Scientific Life, in: Puzzles, Problems and Enigmas, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 108–122.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Deichmann, U. and Müller-Hill, B (1998) The Fraud of Abderhalden’s Enzymes. Nature 393(6681): 109–111.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Polanyi, M. (1963) The Potential Theory of Adsorption. Science 141(3585): 1010–1013.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Adamson A. W. and Gast, A. P. (1997) Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. Wiley-Interscience, New York: Chapter XVII.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Strom, E. T. (1989) Referees I Have Known. New Journal of Chemistry 13(1): 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Davenport, D. A. (1987) On the Comparative Unimportance of the Invective Effect. ChemTech 17(9): 526–31.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Desowitz, R. S. (1987) The Thorn in the Starfish. W. W. Norton, New York: 34.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Geison, G. L. (1995) The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Jueneman, F. (1997) Scientists Who Were Shafted (Part 1). R & D Magazine, March: 11LS.

  132. Jueneman, F. (1997) Scientists Who Were Shafted (Part 2). R & D Magazine, May: 11LS.

  133. Brennan, M. B. (1999) Graduate School; Smoothing the Passage. Chemical and Engineering News 77(4) (January 25): 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Richmond, J. P. (1999) Letters: Graduate School Stress. Chemical and Engineering News 77(14) (March 1): 6.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Klausmeier, W. H. (1999) Letters: Graduate School Stress. Chemical and Engineering News 77(14) (March 1): 6.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Asaro, M. (1999) Letters: Graduate School Stress. Chemical and Engineering News 77(14) (March 1): 6.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Senderoff, S. (1999) Letters: Graduate School Stress. Chemical and Engineering News 77(14) (March 1): 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Tettarelli, S. (1999) Letters: Graduate School Stress. Chemical and Engineering News 77(14) (March 1): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Shea, K. and Diffendal, J. (1999) Letters: Graduate School Stress. Chemical and Engineering News 77(14) (March 1): 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Budiansky, S. (1999) The Ivory Sweatshop? U. S. News and World Report 126(12) (March 29): 102–3.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Fisch, G. S. (1998) Letters: Lethal Chemistry at Harvard. The New York Times Magazine (December 20): 16.

  142. Logdberg, L. (1998) Letters: Lethal Chemistry at Harvard. The New York Times Magazine (December 20): 16.

  143. Henderson, J. C. (1998) Letters: Lethal Chemistry at Harvard. The New York Times Magazine (December 20): 18.

  144. Widlanski, T. S. (1998) Letters: Lethal Chemistry at Harvard. The New York Times Magazine (December 20): 18.

  145. Schreiber, W. F. (1998) Letters: Lethal Chemistry at Harvard. The New York Times Magazine (December 20): 18.

  146. Ebenstein, J. (1998) Letters: Lethal Chemistry at Harvard. The New York Times Magazine (December 20): 20.

  147. Schneider, A. (1998) Harvard faces the aftermath of a graduate student’s suicide. Chronicle of Higher Education 45(9) (October 23): A12.

  148. Davies, K. and White, M. (1996) Breakthrough: The Race to Find the Breast Cancer Gene. John Wiley & Sons, New York: 224–226.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Bailey, S. and Syre, S. (1996) Again, Perseptive Biosystem’s Credibility on Trial. Boston Globe. February 23: Business 31.

  150. Rosenberg, R. (1997) Perseptive to Appeal Judgment on Patents Judge Ruled Firm ‘Intended to Deceive’. Boston Globe. April 5: Business F1.

  151. Gergel, M. G. (1979) Excuse Me Sir, Would You Like to Buy a Kilo of Isopropyl Bromide? Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Gergel, M. G. (1983) The Ageless Gergel. Max Gergel, State Park, SC.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Baldwin, N. (1995) Edison, Inventing the Century. Hyperion, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Gribbin, J. (1998) Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics. Free Press, New York: 71.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Kohn, A. (1986) False Prophets, Fraud and Error in Science and Medicine Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Holton, G. (1978) The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: Chapter 2.

    Google Scholar 

  157. LaFollette, M. C. (1992) Stealing Into Print; Fraud, Plagiarism, and Misconduct in Scientific Publishing. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Zurer, P. (1998) NSF, Paquette Settle Misconduct Case. Chemical and Engineering News 76(10) (March 9): 25–26.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Brownowski, J. (1965) Science and Human Values, Revised Ed., Harper Torchbooks, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Heylin, M. (1987) Science and Values. Chemical and Engineering News 65(28) (July 13): 3.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Resnik, D. B. (1998) The Ethics of Science: An Introduction. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Brush, S. G. (1974) Should the History of Science Be Rated X? Science 183(4130): 1164–72.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Prieur, C. (2000) Un jugement reconnaît pour la première fois la confidentialité des e-mails. Le Monde (November 3), web edition: http://www.lemonde.fr/article/0,2320,113420,00.html.

  164. Marshall, J. (2000) Paris court backs email privacy. The Times Higher Educational Supplement No. 1,464 (December 1): 14.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Toby J. Sommer Ph.D..

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sommer, T.J. Suppression of scientific research: Bahramdipity and Nulltiple scientific discoveries. SCI ENG ETHICS 7, 77–104 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-001-0025-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-001-0025-7

Keywords

Navigation