Abstract
The process of interesterification results in changes in triacylglycerol (TAG) structure and is used to increase the melting point of dietary fats. The acute health effects of this process on palmitic acid-rich fats are uncertain with regard to postprandial lipemia, insulin and factor VII activated (FVIIa) concentrations. Two randomized crossover trials in healthy male subjects compared the effects of meals containing 50 g fat [interesterified palm oil (IPO) versus native palm oil (NPO); n = 20, and IPO versus high-oleic sunflower oil (HOS); n = 18], on postprandial changes in lipids, glucose, insulin, chylomicron composition and FVIIa. Compared with NPO, IPO decreased postprandial TAG and insulin concentrations. Both NPO and IPO increased FVIIa concentrations postprandially; mean increases at 6 h were 21 and 19%, respectively. Compared with HOS, IPO decreased postprandial TAG (47% lower incremental area under the curve) and reduced the postprandial increase in FVIIa concentration by 64% at 6 h; no significant differences in hepatic and total lipase activities or insulin concentrations were noted. All three test meals increased postprandial leukocyte counts (average 26% at 6 h). The fatty acid composition of the chylomicron TAG was similar to the test fats following all test meals. It is concluded that interesterification of palm oil does not result in adverse changes in postprandial lipids, insulin or FVIIa compared to high oleate and native palm oils.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ABC-A1:
-
ATP binding cassette transporter
- DSC:
-
Differential scanning calorimetry
- FVIIa:
-
Factor VII activated
- GLC:
-
Gas liquid chromatography
- HOS:
-
High-oleic sunflower oil
- HL:
-
Hepatic lipase
- iAUC:
-
Incremental area under curve
- IPO:
-
Interesterified palm oil
- LPL:
-
Lipoprotein lipase
- NPO:
-
Native palm oil
- TAG:
-
Triacylglycerol
- WBC:
-
White blood cells
References
Tomarelli RM, Meyer BJ, Weaber JR, Bernhart FW (1968) Effect of positional distribution on the absorption of the fatty acids of human milk and infant formulas. J Nutr 95:583–590
Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Chen SC, Meijer GW, Krauss RM (2000) Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis, 23. Effects of specific synthetic triglycerides. Lipids 35:621–625
Zock PL, de Vries JH, de Fouw NJ, Katan MB (1995) Positional distribution of fatty acids in dietary triglycerides: effects on fasting blood lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 61:48–55
Nestel PJ, Noakes M, Belling GB, McArthur R, Clifton PM (1995) Effect on plasma lipids of interesterifying a mix of edible oils. Am J Clin Nutr 62:950–955
Aoe S, Yamamura J, Matsuyama H, Hase M, Shiota M, Miura S (1997) The positional distribution of dioleoyl-palmitoyl glycerol influences lymph chylomicron transport, composition and size in rats. J Nutr 127:1269–1273
Redgrave TG, Kodali DR, Small DM (1988) The effect of triacyl-sn-glycerol structure on the metabolism of chylomicrons and triacylglycerol-rich emulsions in the rat. J Biol Chem 263:5118–5123
Mortimer BC, Holthouse DJ, Martins IJ, Stick RV, Redgrave TG (1994) Effects of triacylglycerol-saturated acyl chains on the clearance of chylomicron-like emulsions from the plasma of the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1211:171–180
Zampelas A, Williams CM, Morgan LM, Wright J, Quinlan PT (1994) The effect of triacylglycerol fatty acid positional distribution on postprandial plasma metabolite and hormone responses in normal adult men. Br J Nutr 71:401–410
Summers LK, Fielding BA, Ilic V, Quinlan PT, Frayn KN (1998) The effect of triacylglycerol-fatty acid positional distribution on postprandial metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 79:141–147
Yli-Jokipii K, Kallio H, Schwab U, Mykkanen H, Kurvinen J, Savolainen M, Tahvonen R (2001) Effects of palm oil and transesterified palm oil on chylomicron and VLDL triacylglycerol structures and postprandial lipid response. J Lipid Res 42:1618–1625
Sanders TA, de Grassi T, Miller GJ, Humphries SE (1999) Dietary oleic and palmitic acids and postprandial factor VII in middle-aged men heterozygous and homozygous for factor VII R353Q polymorphism. Am J Clin Nutr 69:220–225
Sanders TA, de Grassi T, Miller GJ, Morrissey JH (2000) Influence of fatty acid chain length and cis/trans isomerization on postprandial lipemia and factor VII in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 149:413–420
Tholstrup T, Miller GJ, Bysted A, Sandstrom B (2003) Effect of individual dietary fatty acids on postprandial activation of blood coagulation factor VII and fibrinolysis in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1125–1132
Henderson L, Gregory J, Irving K (2003) The national diet and nutrition survey: adults aged 19–64 years. H.M.Stationery Office 2, London
Sanders TA, Oakley FR, Cooper JA, Miller GJ (2001) Influence of a stearic acid-rich structured triacylglycerol on postprandial lipemia, factor VII concentrations, and fibrinolytic activity in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 73:715–721
Summers LK, Fielding BA, Herd SL, Ilic V, Clark ML, Quinlan PT, Frayn K (1999) Use of structured triacylglycerols containing predominantly stearic and oleic acids to probe early events in metabolic processing of dietary fat. J Lipid Res 40:1890–1898
Morrissey JH, Macik BG, Neuenschwander PF, Comp PC (1993) Quantitation of activated factor VII levels in plasma using a tissue factor mutant selectively deficient in promoting factor VII activation. Blood 81:734–744
Lepage G, Roy CC (1986) Direct transesterification of all classes of lipids in a one-step reaction. J Lipid Res 27:114–120
Sanders TA, Berry SE, Miller GJ (2003) Influence of triacylglycerol structure on the postprandial response of factor VII to stearic acid-rich fats. Am J Clin Nutr 77:777–782
Robertson MD, Jackson KG, Fielding BA, Williams CM, Frayn KN (2002) Acute effects of meal fatty acid composition on insulin sensitivity in healthy post-menopausal women. Br J Nutr 88:635–640
Tholstrup T, Sandstrom B, Bysted A, Holmer G (2001) Effect of 6 dietary fatty acids on the postprandial lipid profile, plasma fatty acids, lipoprotein lipase, and cholesterol ester transfer activities in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr 73:198–208
Pedersen A, Marckmann P, Sandstrom B (1999) Postprandial lipoprotein, glucose and insulin responses after two consecutive meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without glucose at the first meal. Br J Nutr 82:97–104
Shahkhalili Y, Duruz E, Acheson K (2000) Digestibility of cocoa butter from chocolate in humans: a comparison with corn-oil. Eur J Clin Nutr 54:120–125
Denke MA, Grundy SM (1991) Effects of fats high in stearic acid on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in men. Am J Clin Nutr 54:1036–1040
Snook JT, Park S, Williams G, Tsai YH, Lee N (1999) Effect of synthetic triglycerides of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid on serum lipoprotein metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:597–605
Emken EA (1994) Metabolism of dietary stearic acid relative to other fatty acids in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 60:1023S–1028S
Deuel HJ (1955) The lipids. Interscience Publishers, New York, vol 2, pp 216–221
Costarelli V, Sanders TA (2001) Acute effects of dietary fat composition on postprandial plasma bile acid and cholecystokinin concentrations in healthy premenopausal women. Br J Nutr 86:471–477
Yip RG, Wolfe MM (2000) GIP biology and fat metabolism. Life Sci 66:91–103
Miller GJ, Cooke CJ, Nanjee MN (2002) Factor VII activation, apolipoprotein A-I and reverse cholesterol transport: possible relevance for postprandial lipaemia. Thromb Haemost 87:477–482
Acknowledgments
We thank ADM-Pura and Anglia Oils for providing and processing the test fats. We also thank David Howarth for the coagulation assays, Peter Lumb for the lipase assays, Roy Sherwood for the insulin and lipoprotein assays and Robbie Gray for technical help. Thomas A.B. Sanders and Sarah E.E. Berry conceived and devised the study and contributed to the analysis and writing of the manuscript. George J. Miller supervised the FVIIa analysis, Rebecca Woodward and Christabelle Yeoh organized and conducted the follow-up study. Sarah Berry was the recipient of King’s College London Research Studentship Award and the project was institutionally funded. The authors have no financial or commercial interest in any company or organization sponsoring the research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
George J. Miller: Deceased August 2006.
About this article
Cite this article
Berry, S.E.E., Woodward, R., Yeoh, C. et al. Effect of Interesterification of Palmitic Acid-rich Triacylglycerol on Postprandial Lipid and Factor VII Response. Lipids 42, 315–323 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-007-3024-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-007-3024-x