Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Adipose tissue-mediated inflammation: the missing link between obesity and cardiovascular disease?

  • IM - Review
  • Published:
Internal and Emergency Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Until relatively recently, the role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity and its consequences was considered to be a passive one. Mounting evidence highlights the role of adipose tissue in the development of a systemic inflammatory state that contributes to obesity-associated vasculopathy and cardiovascular risk. It is now clear that, in addition to storing calories as triglycerides, adipocytes secrete a large variety of cytokines, chemokines and hormone-like factors, such as leptin, resistin, and acute-phase proteins. In addition, insulin resistance, both in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, is frequently associated with obesity, particularly with an excess of intraabdominal fat. This production of pro-atherogenic substances is of particular interest since an increase in the plasma levels of these mediators may provide a novel mechanistic link between obesity and its vascular complications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Eckel RH, Krauss RM (1998) American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. AHA Nutrition Committee. Circulation 97:2099–2100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Grundy SM (2002) Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:2696–2698

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sowers JR (2003) Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Med 115(Suppl 8A):37S–41S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sharma AM (2002) Adipose tissue: a mediator of cardiovascular risk. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26(Suppl 4):S5–S7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Engeli S, Sharma AM (2000) Role of adipose tissue for cardiovascular-renal regulation in health and disease. Horm Metab Res 32:485–499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Guerre-Millo M (2004) Adipose tissue and adipokines: for better or worse. Diabetes Metab 30:13–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Poirier P, Eckel RH (2002) Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 4:448–453

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Peelman F, Waelput W, Iserentant H, Lavens D, Eyckerman S, Zabeau L, Tavernier J (2004) Leptin: linking adipocyte metabolism with cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Prog Lipid Res 43:283–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Okamoto Y, Hotta K, Nishida M, Takahashi M, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (1999) Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 100:2473–2476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shuldiner AR, Yang R, Gong DW (2001) Resistin, obesity and insulin resistance—the emerging role of the adipocyte as an endocrine organ. N Engl J Med 345:1345–1346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bullo-Bonet M, Garcia-Lorda P, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Argiles JM, Salas-Salvado J (1999) Tumour necrosis factor, a key role in obesity? FEBS Lett 451:215–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V (2000) Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 148:209–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Engstrom G, Stavenow L, Hedblad B, Lind P, Eriksson KF, Janzon L, Lindgarde F (2003) Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins, diabetes, and mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based study. Diabetes 52:442–447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Williams K, Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tracy RP, Haffner SM (2001) The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1407–1415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW (1999) C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:972–978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvado J (2003) Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes Res 11:525–531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Das UN (2001) Is obesity an inflammatory condition? Nutrition 17:953–966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hotamisligil GS (2003) Inflammatory pathways and insulin action. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27(Suppl 3):S53–S55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yudkin JS (2003) Adipose tissue, insulin action and vascular disease: inflammatory signals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27(Suppl 3):S25–S28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Calabro P, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2003) Inflammatory cytokines stimulated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circulation 108:1930–1932

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Calabro P, Chang DW, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2005) Release of C-reactive protein in response to inflammatory cytokines by human adipocytes: linking obesity to vascular inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1112–1113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112:1821–1830

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Calabro P, Chang DW, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2005) Production of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in response to inflammatory cytokines by human adipocytes. Eur H Journal 26:334–335

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cousin B, Munoz O, Andre M, Fontanilles AM, Dani C, Cousin JL, Laharrague P, Casteilla L, Penicaud L (1999) A role for preadipocytes as macrophage-like cells. FASEB J 13:305–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, Hotta K, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K, Kuriyama H, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Okubo K, Matsubara K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (1999) Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:79–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y, Iwahashi H, Kuriyama H, Ouchi N, Maeda K, Nishida M, Kihara S, Sakai N, Nakajima T, Hasegawa K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y (2000) Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1595–1599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Hotta K, Nishida M, Takahashi M, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (2000) Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 102:1296–1301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Trayhurn P, Wood IS (2004) Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 92:347–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Karpe F, Fielding BA, Ilic V, Macdonald IA, Summers LK, Frayn KN (2002) Impaired postprandial adipose tissue blood flow response is related to aspects of insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 51:2467–2473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ahima RS, Flier JS (2000) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11:327–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Samad F, Loskutoff DJ (1996) Tissue distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese mice. Mol Med 2:568–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Samad F, Yamamoto K, Pandey M, Loskutoff DJ (1997) Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-beta in adipose tissue from obese mice. Mol Med 3:37–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang B, Graziano MP, Doebber TW, Leibowitz MD, White-Carrington S, Szalkowski DM, Hey PJ, Wu M, Cullinan CA, Bailey P, Lollmann B, Frederich R, Flier JS, Strader CD, Smith RG (1996) Down-regulation of the expression of the obese gene by an antidiabetic thiazolidinedione in Zucker diabetic fatty rats and db/db mice. J Biol Chem 271:9455–9459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Eriksson P, Van Harmelen V, Hoffstedt J, Lundquist P, Vidal H, Stemme V, Hamsten A, Arner P, Reynisdottir S (2000) Regional variation in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in adipose tissue from obese individuals. Thromb Haemost 83:545–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS (1998) Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:847–850

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Giacchetti G, Faloia E, Mariniello B, Sardu C, Gatti C, Camilloni MA, Guerrieri M, Mantero F (2002) Overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system in human visceral adipose tissue in normal and overweight subjects. Am J Hypertens 15:381–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dandona P, Weinstock R, Thusu K, Abdel-Rahman E, Aljada A, Wadden T (1998) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in sera of obese patients: fall with weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2907–2910

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Itoh K, Imai K, Masuda T, Abe S, Tanaka M, Koga R, Itoh H, Matsuyama T, Nakamura M (2002) Relationship between changes in serum leptin levels and blood pressure after weight loss. Hypertens Res 25:881–886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R, Cioffi M, D’Andrea F, Molinari AM, Giugliano D (2002) Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation 105:804–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ (2003) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:7265–7270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. De Pergola G, Pannacciulli N (2002) Coagulation and fibrinolysis abnormalities in obesity. J Endocrinol Invest 25:899–904

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259:87–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Perreault M, Marette A (2001) Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 7:1138–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Samad F, Pandey M, Loskutoff DJ (1998) Tissue factor gene expression in the adipose tissues of obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7591–7596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Kales A, Tyson K, Chrousos GP (1997) Elevation of plasma cytokines in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness: role of sleep disturbance and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1313–1316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB (1999) Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 282:2131–2135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Weyer C, Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk CG, Pratley RE, Tataranni PA (2002) Humoral markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in relation to adiposity and in vivo insulin action in Pima Indians. Atherosclerosis 161:233–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, Wang S, Fortier M, Greenberg AS, Obin MS (2005) Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 46:2347–2355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hotamisligil GS, Spiegelman BM (1994) Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43:1271–1278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (2001) Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E745–E751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S, Coppack SW (1997) Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:4196–4200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Van Hall G, Steensberg A, Sacchetti M, Fischer C, Keller C, Schjerling P, Hiscock N, Moller K, Saltin B, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK (2003) Interleukin-6 stimulates lipolysis and fat oxidation in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3005–3010

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Klover PJ, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG, Mooney RA (2003) Chronic exposure to interleukin-6 causes hepatic insulin resistance in mice. Diabetes 52:2784–2789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM (2001) C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 286:327–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH (2000) Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 101:1767–1772

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, Cohen SL, Chait BT, Rabinowitz D, Lallone RL, Burley SK, Friedman JM (1995) Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269:543–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM (1996) Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 379:632–635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, Fei H, Kim S, Lallone R, Ranganathan S et al (1995) Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1:1155–1161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, Collins F (1995) Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 269:540–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Chua SC Jr, Chung WK, Wu-Peng XS, Zhang Y, Liu SM, Tartaglia L, Leibel RL (1996) Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science 271:994–996

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D, Gourmelen M, Dina C, Chambaz J, Lacorte JM, Basdevant A, Bougneres P, Lebouc Y, Froguel P, Guy-Grand B (1998) A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392:398–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Kamath S, Jones S, Gibson WT, Trussell R, Jebb SA, Lip GY, O’Rahilly S (2001) Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity. Nature 414:34–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, Sewter CP, Digby JE, Mohammed SN, Hurst JA, Cheetham CH, Earley AR, Barnett AH, Prins JB, O’Rahilly S (1997) Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387:903–908

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, Prentice AM, Hughes IA, McCamish MA, O’Rahilly S (1999) Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med 341:879–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, Keogh JM, Lawrence E, Agwu C, Sanna V, Jebb SA, Perna F, Fontana S, Lechler RI, DePaoli AM, O’Rahilly S (2002) Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 110:1093–1103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL et al (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334:292–295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Luo JD, Zhang GS, Chen MS (2005) Leptin and cardiovascular diseases. Timely Top Med Cardiovasc Dis 9:E34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Oral EA, Simha V, Ruiz E, Andewelt A, Premkumar A, Snell P, Wagner AJ, DePaoli AM, Reitman ML, Taylor SI, Gorden P, Garg A (2002) Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N Engl J Med 346:570–578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409:307–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. McTernan CL, McTernan PG, Harte AL, Levick PL, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2002) Resistin, central obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Lancet 359:46–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Juliar BE, Watson W, Kerr K, Jones R, Zhu Q, Considine RV (2003) Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5452–5455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Muse ED, Obici S, Bhanot S, Monia BP, McKay RA, Rajala MW, Scherer PE, Rossetti L (2004) Role of resistin in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 114:232–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rajala MW, Obici S, Scherer PE, Rossetti L (2003) Adipose-derived resistin and gut-derived resistin-like molecule-beta selectively impair insulin action on glucose production. J Clin Invest 111:225–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Banerjee RR, Rangwala SM, Shapiro JS, Rich AS, Rhoades B, Qi Y, Wang J, Rajala MW, Pocai A, Scherer PE, Steppan CM, Ahima RS, Obici S, Rossetti L, Lazar MA (2004) Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science 303:1195–1198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kim KH, Lee K, Moon YS, Sul HS (2001) A cysteine-rich adipose tissue-specific secretory factor inhibits adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 276:11252–11256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Patel L, Buckels AC, Kinghorn IJ, Murdock PR, Holbrook JD, Plumpton C, Macphee CH, Smith SA (2003) Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300:472–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES, Segal DG, Vidal-Puig A, Considine RV, O’Rahilly S (2001) Resistin/Fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma action in humans. Diabetes 50:2199–2202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Yang RZ, Huang Q, Xu A, McLenithan JC, Eisen JA, Shuldiner AR, Alkan S, Gong DW (2003) Comparative studies of resistin expression and phylogenomics in human and mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310:927–935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Verma S, Li SH, Wang CH, Fedak PW, Li RK, Weisel RD, Mickle DA (2003) Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine-endothelial interaction. Circulation 108:736–740

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Calabro P, Samudio I, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2004) Resistin promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. Circulation 110:3335–3340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Tong J, Wallace TM, Hull RL, Zraika S, Xiao Q, Mistry JS, Retzlaff BM, Knopp RH, Kahn SE (2005) Resistin is not associated with insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetologia 48:2330–2333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee JH, Bullen JW Jr, Stoyneva VL, Mantzoros CS (2005) Circulating resistin in lean, obese, and insulin-resistant mouse models: lack of association with insulinemia and glycemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288:E625–E632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Schaffler A, Buchler C, Muller-Ladner U, Herfarth H, Ehling A, Paul G, Scholmerich J, Zietz B (2004) Identification of variables influencing resistin serum levels in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res 36:702–707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gomez JM, Gutierrez C, Simon I, Soler J, Richart C (2004) Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obes Res 12:962–971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Azuma K, Katsukawa F, Oguchi S, Murata M, Yamazaki H, Shimada A, Saruta T (2003) Correlation between serum resistin level and adiposity in obese individuals. Obes Res 11:997–1001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Yannakoulia M, Yiannakouris N, Bluher S, Matalas AL, Klimis-Zacas D, Mantzoros CS (2003) Body fat mass and macronutrient intake in relation to circulating soluble leptin receptor, free leptin index, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in healthy humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1730–1736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. McTernan PG, Fisher FM, Valsamakis G, Chetty R, Harte A, McTernan CL, Clark PM, Smith SA, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2003) Resistin and type 2 diabetes: regulation of resistin expression by insulin and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:6098–6106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang J, Qin Y, Zheng X, Qiu J, Gong L, Mao H, Jia W, Guo J (2002) The relationship between human serum resistin level and body fat content, plasma glucose as well as blood pressure. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 82:1609–1612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. McTernan PG, McTernan CL, Chetty R, Jenner K, Fisher FM, Lauer MN, Crocker J, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2002) Increased resistin gene and protein expression in human abdominal adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Valsamakis G, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Al Daghri N, Field A, Hanif W, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2004) Modest weight loss and reduction in waist circumference after medical treatment are associated with favorable changes in serum adipocytokines. Metabolism 53:430–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ridker PM, Koenig W, Fuster V (2004) C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 351:295–298 author reply 295–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, Giugliano D (2003) Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1799–1804

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, D’Armiento M, D’Andrea F, Giugliano D (2004) Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 292:1440–1446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Obisesan TO, Leeuwenburgh C, Phillips T, Ferrell RE, Phares DA, Prior SJ, Hagberg JM (2004) C-reactive protein genotypes affect baseline, but not exercise training-induced changes, in C-reactive protein levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1874–1879

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Okita K, Nishijima H, Murakami T, Nagai T, Morita N, Yonezawa K, Iizuka K, Kawaguchi H, Kitabatake A (2004) Can exercise training with weight loss lower serum C-reactive protein levels? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1868–1873

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Nishida M, Kumada M, Okamoto Y, Ohashi K, Nagaretani H, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Maeda N, Kobayashi H, Hiraoka H, Matsuzawa Y (2003) Reciprocal association of C-reactive protein with adiponectin in blood stream and adipose tissue. Circulation 107:671–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Erren M, Reinecke H, Junker R, Fobker M, Schulte H, Schurek JO, Kropf J, Kerber S, Breithardt G, Assmann G, Cullen P (1999) Systemic inflammatory parameters in patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary and peripheral arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:2355–2363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Fyfe AI, Rothenberg LS, DeBeer FC, Cantor RM, Rotter JI, Lusis AJ (1997) Association between serum amyloid A proteins and coronary artery disease: evidence from two distinct arteriosclerotic processes. Circulation 96:2914–2919

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N (2000) C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 342:836–843

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Braunwald E (1998) Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 98:839–844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

    Paolo Calabrò, Enrica Golia, Valeria Maddaloni, Marco Malvezzi, Beniamino Casillo, Raffaele Calabrò & Paolo Golino

  2. Division of Cardiology, San Sebastiano Hospital, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy

    Carla Marotta & Paolo Golino

Authors
  1. Paolo Calabrò
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Enrica Golia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Valeria Maddaloni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marco Malvezzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Beniamino Casillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Carla Marotta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Raffaele Calabrò
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Paolo Golino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paolo Calabrò.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Calabrò, P., Golia, E., Maddaloni, V. et al. Adipose tissue-mediated inflammation: the missing link between obesity and cardiovascular disease?. Intern Emerg Med 4, 25–34 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-008-0207-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-008-0207-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation