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Particles Spreading Phenomena in the Case of Glass Thermal Spraying

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The spreading phenomena of particles during thermal spraying are quite difficult to observe given the kinetics of the process. In this work, the splat formation of glass and alumina is theoretically compared, showing that glass transition and low-thermal conductivity yield a higher ratio between cooling and flattening times, which strongly modifies their spreading behavior. Wipe tests show that splash—splat transition temperature can be modified by the glass composition and its subsequent hydrodynamic properties. The detection of peculiar remaining objects, such as fibers and wavelets shows the possibility of “freezing” some phenomena that are totally unobservable with crystalline oxides, except with high-velocity observations.

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Abbreviations

a,b:

Empirical flattening coefficients, dimensionless

c:

Wavelets speed, m/s

Cp:

Heat capacity of the particle in the liquid phase, J/kg.K

D:

Initial diameter of the particle, m

Dsplat :

Splat diameter, m

e:

Flattened film thickness, m

f:

Frequency of wavelets, s−1

F:

Degree of fragmentation, dimensionless

g:

Gravity constant, m/s2

K:

Sommerfeld number, dimensionless

l:

Wavelength, m

lC :

Critical wavelength value before obtaining gravitational predominance, m

L:

Latent heat of transformation, J/kg

\( {\cal L}\) :

Travel distance of wavelets, m

\( \ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{m} \) :

Particles mass flow rate, kg/s

N:

Number of impinging particles during ttransf

Nu:

Nusselt number, dimensionless

P:

Probability, dimensionless

Re:

Reynolds number, dimensionless

Ssplat :

Surface area of splat, m2

Sexposed :

Substrate surface area exposed to impinging particles, m2

Tg :

Glass transition temperature, °C

Ts:

Substrate temperature, °C

Tglazing :

Typical glazing temperature, °C

Tparticle :

Particle temperature, °C

Ttransformation :

Change of state temperature, °C

\( {\cal T}\) :

Period between wavelets, s

ttransf :

Cooling time, s

tsplat :

Flattening time, s

U:

Spreading velocity, m/s

V:

Particle velocity, m/s

Vi :

Volume of a size class of particles, m3

Vtotal :

Total volume of particles, m3

We:

Weber number, dimensionless

ΔT:

Temperature gap between particle and transformation temperatures, °C

ξ:

Spreading factor, dimensionless

ρ:

Particle density, kg/m3

λ:

Thermal conductivity, W/m K

μ:

Particle viscosity, Pa.s

σ:

Surface tension, N/m

Ξ:

Ratio between cooling and flattening time, dimensionless

Ψ:

Feedstock intrinsic prefactor for Ξ and ttransf

Ω:

Wavelet pulsation, rad/s

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Philippe Belleudy at Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), George « Bud » Homsy at University of California (Santa Barbara) and Marc Rabaud at Université Paris-Sud (Orsay) for their kind assessment about hydrodynamic aspects of wavelets in splats. Technical help from Pierre Bertrand and Pascale Hoog, and bibliographical help from Martine Coddet are also acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Grupo de Ingeniería de Superficies, Universidad Simón Bolívar, AA 89000, Caracas , 1080ª, Venezuela

    Thierry Poirier

  2. LERMPS, UTBM, Site de Sévenans, 90010, Belfort cedex, France

    Marie Pierre Planche, Olivier Landemarre & Christian Coddet

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  1. Thierry Poirier
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Correspondence to Thierry Poirier.

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Poirier, T., Planche, M.P., Landemarre, O. et al. Particles Spreading Phenomena in the Case of Glass Thermal Spraying. J Therm Spray Tech 17, 564–573 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9211-3

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