Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular phylogeny of Psilocybe cyanescens complex in Europe, with reference to the position of the secotioid Weraroa novae-zelandiae

  • Original article
  • Published:
Mycological Progress Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A phylogenetic analysis with three molecular markers was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the complex of Psilocybe cyanescens in Europe consists of several, morphologically distinct species. The results support the existence of two molecularly well-supported morphological groups, that of Psilocybe cyanescens and P. azurescens on the one hand, and the complex of P. serbica on the other. However, in the last group, no sequence variability within the three molecular markers from P. serbica and related taxa P. bohemica, P. arcana, and P. moravica was found. It was decided, therefore, to merge these taxa into P. serbica, and to distinguish them below species level. It was also demonstrated that the secotioid Weraroa novae-zelandiae belongs to the P. cyanescens species complex. Accordingly, it was transferred to Psilocybe as P. weraroa, nomen novum.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson C, Kristinsson J, Gry J (2008) Occurrence and use of hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocybin alkaloids. TemaNord 2008:606, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen

  • Antonín V, Tomšovský M, Sedlák P, Májek T, Jankovský L (2009) Morphological and molecular characterization of the Armillaria cepistipes – A. gallica complex in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Mycol Prog 8:259–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bon M, Roux P (2003) Clé analytique de la famille Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Smith. Doc Mycol 129:3–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovička J (2003) The bluing Psilocybe species of the Czech Republic III. Psilocybe moravica sp. nova, the Moravian Psilocybe. Mykol Sborn 80:126–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovička J (2005) The bluing species of Psilocybe of the Czech Republic IV. The problem of Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef. Mykol Sborn 82:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovička J (2006) New variety of Psilocybe moravica and notes on Psilocybe bohemica. Czech Mycol 58:75–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovička J (2008) The wood-rotting bluing Psilocybe species in Central Europe – an identification key. Czech Mycol 60:173–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovička J, Hlaváček J (2001a) The bluing Psilocybe species of the Czech Republic I. Psilocybe arcana Borovička et Hlaváček, the mysterious Psilocybe [In Czech]. Mykol Sborn 78:2–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovička J, Hlaváček J (2001b) The bluing Psilocybe species of the Czech Republic II. Psilocybe bohemica Šebek, the Bohemian Psilocybe [In Czech]. Mykol Sborn 78:57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridge PD, Spooner BM, Beever RE, Park DC (2008) Taxonomy of the fungus commonly known as Stropharia aurantiacea, with new combinations in Leratiomyces. Mycotaxon 103:109–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtecuisse R, Deveaux M (2004) Mycology and toxicology of hallucinogenic mushrooms in Europe and the Americas [In French]. Ann Toxicol Anal 16:36–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruse M, Telerant R, Gallagher T, Taylor JW (2002) Cryptic species in Stachybotrys chartarum. Mycologia 94:814–822

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis RWG, Wakefield EM (1946) New or interesting British fungi. Trans Br Mycol Soc 29:141–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garnica S, Weiss M, Walther G, Oberwinkler F (2007) Reconstructing the evolution of agarics from nuclear gene sequences and basidiospore ultrastructure. Mycol Res 111:1019–1029

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiser DM, Pitt IJ, Taylor JW (1998) Cryptic speciation and recombination in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:388–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geml J, Geiser DM, Royse DJ (2004) Molecular evolution of Agaricus species based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. Mycol Prog 3:157–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giraud T, Refrégier G, Le Gac M, de Vienne DM, Hood ME (2008) Speciation in fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 45:791–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán G (1983) The genus Psilocybe. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 74, Vaduz

  • Guzmán G (1995) Supplement to the monograph of the genus Psilocybe. In: Petrini O, Horak E (eds) Taxonomic monographs of Agaricales. Bibliotheca Mycol 159:91–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán G (2009) The hallucinogenic mushrooms: diversity, traditions, use and abuse with special reference to the genus Psilocybe. In: Misra JK, Desmukh SK (eds) Fungi from difference environments. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), pp 256–277

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán-Dávalos L, Mueller GM, Cifuentes J, Miller AN, Santerre A (2003) Traditional infrageneric classification of Gymnopilus is not supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data. Mycologia 95:1204–1214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heim R, Wasson RG (1958) Hallucinogenic mushrooms of Mexico [In French]. Archives Du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7e Série, Tome VI, Éditions du Muséum, Paris

  • Hillebrand J, Olszewski D, Sedefov R (2006) EMCDDA Thematic Papers, Hallucinogenic mushrooms: an emerging trend case study. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon

    Google Scholar 

  • Horak E (2005) European Agarics and Boleti [In German]. Elsevier, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauserud H, Schumacher T (2001) Outcrossing or inbreeding: DNA markers provide evidence for type of reproductive mode in Phellinus nigrolimitatus (Basidiomycota). Mycol Res 105:676–683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen H, Vesterholt J (eds) (2008) Funga Nordica: Agaricoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera. Copenhagen

  • Krieglsteiner GJ (1984) Studien zum Psilocybe cyanescens-Komplex in Europa. Beitr Kenntn Pilze Mitteleur 1:61–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieglsteiner GJ (1986) Studien zum Psilocybe cyanescens-callosa-semilanceata-Komplex in Europa. Beitr Kenntn Pilze Mitteleur 2:57–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassmann T, Sonnhammer EL (2005) Kalign – an accurate and fast multiple sequence alignment algorithm. BMC Bioinf 6:298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig E (2001) Pilzkompendium, Part 1, Descriptions [In German]. Eching

  • Maire R (1928) Diagnoses de champignons inedits de l’Afrique du Nord. Bull Soc Mycol Fr 44:37–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama T, Yokoyama K, Makino Y, Goda Y (2003) Phylogenetic relationship of psychoactive fungi based on the rRNA gene for a large subunit and their eidentification using the TaqMan assay. Chem Pharm Bull 51:710–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama T, Kawahara N, Yokoyama K, Makino Y, Fukiharu T, Goda Y (2006) Phylogenetic relationship of psychoactive fungi based on rRNA gene for a large subunit and their identification using the TaqMan assay (II). Forensic Sci Int 163:51–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98:982–995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moncalvo JM, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R (2000) Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Syst Biol 49:278–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Aime MC, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJW, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Thorn RG, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK Jr (2002) One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 23:357–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moser M, Horak E (1968) Psilocybe serbica spec. nov., eine neue Psilocybin und Psilocin Bildende Art aus Serbien. Z Pilzk 34:37–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller T, Philippi N, Dandekar T, Schultz J, Wolf M (2007) Distinguishing species. RNA 13:1469–1472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noordeloos ME (1999) Genus Psilocybe. In: Bas C, Kuyper TW, Noordeloos ME, Vellinga EC (eds) Flora agaricina neerlandica, vol IV. Brookfield, Rotterdam, pp 28–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent KG, Saville BJ (2004) Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic fungi: a DNA-based approach. Forensic Sci Int 140:147–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oborník M, Jirků M, Doležel D (2001) Phylogeny of mitosporic entomopathogenic fungi: Is the genus Paecilomyces polyphyletic? Can J Microbiol 47:813–819

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pornpakakul S, Suwancharoen S, Petsom A, Roengsumran S, Muangsin N, Chaichit N, Piapukiew J, Sihanonth P, Allen JW (2009) A new sesquiterpenoid metabolite from Psilocybe samuiensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res 11:12–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posada D, Crandall KA (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817–818

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redhead SA, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Matheny PB, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Guzmán G (2007) Proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe (Basidiomycota) with a conserved type. Taxon 56:255–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy BA, Vogler DR, Bruns TD, Szaro TM (1998) Cryptic species in the Puccinia monoica complex. Mycologia 90:846–853

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Šebek S (1983) The Bohemian Psilocybe – Psilocybe bohemica [In Czech]. Czech Mycol 37:177–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer R (1973) Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium III. Beih Sydowia 7:1–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamets P, Gartz J (1995) A new caerulescent Psilocybe from the Pacific Coast of Northwestern America. Integration 6:21–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford DL (1998) Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods). Version 4b10. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  • Vellinga EC (2002) New combinations in Chlorophyllum. Mycotaxon 83:415–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Watling R, Martin MP (2003) A sequestrate Psilocybe from Scotland. Bot J Scotl 55:245–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR Protocols, a guide to methods and applications. Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 315–322

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Michal Tomšovský for valuable advice and to our colleagues who kindly provided their collections for study: anonymous donators, Jürgen Hechler, Egon Horak, Zdenko Tkalčec, and Ruben Walleyn (†). The kind assistance of curators Lenka Edrová and Jan Holec (herbarium PRM; Mycological Department, National Museum, Prague) is also greatly appreciated. This research was supported by Institutional Research Plans (IRP) AV0Z30130516 (Institute of Geology, ASCR, Prague), AV0Z10480505 (Nuclear Physics Institute, ASCR, Řež near Prague), IRP AV0Z50200510 (Institute of Microbiology, ASCR, Prague), research project of the Institute of Parasitology ASCR (Z60220518) and Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (6007665801). An indirect support was obtained from the project IAA600480801 (The Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Jan Borovička

  2. Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68, Řež, Prague, Czech Republic

    Jan Borovička

  3. Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis (section NHN), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Machiel E. Noordeloos

  4. Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic

    Milan Gryndler

  5. Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Miroslav Oborník

Authors
  1. Jan Borovička
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Machiel E. Noordeloos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Milan Gryndler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Miroslav Oborník
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miroslav Oborník.

Electronic supplementary material

Suplementary Table S1

Sequences used in this study and downloaded from GeneBank™. (XLS 22 kb)

Suplementary Table S2

Morphological, phenological and ecological characters used to construct the morphological matrix. (XLS 28 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Borovička, J., Noordeloos, M.E., Gryndler, M. et al. Molecular phylogeny of Psilocybe cyanescens complex in Europe, with reference to the position of the secotioid Weraroa novae-zelandiae . Mycol Progress 10, 149–155 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0684-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0684-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation