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New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny

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Abstract

The aim of this work was to provide a set of mitochondrial markers to reveal polymorphism and to study the maternal phylogeny in citrus. We first used 44 universal markers previously described in the literature: nine of these markers produced amplification products but only one revealed polymorphism in citrus. We then designed six conserved pairs of primers using the complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana and Beta vulgaris to amplify polymorphic intergenic and intronic regions. From these six pairs of primers, three from introns of genes coding for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 2, 5, and 7, revealed polymorphism in citrus. First, we confirmed that citrus have a maternal mitochondrial inheritance in two populations of 250 and 120 individuals. We then conducted a phylogenic study using four polymorphic primers on 77 genotypes representing the diversity of Citrus and two related genera. Seven mitotypes were identified. Six mitotypes (Poncirus, Fortunella, Citrus medica, Citrus micrantha, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus maxima) were congruent with previous taxonomic investigations. The seventh mitotype enabled us to distinguish an acidic mandarin group (‘Cleopatra’, ‘Sunki’ and ‘Shekwasha’) from other mandarins and revealed a maternal relationship with Citrus limonia (‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Volkamer’ lemon) and Citrus jambhiri (‘Rough’ lemon). This mitotype contained only cultivated species used as rootstocks due to their good tolerances to abiotic stress. Our results also suggest that two species classified by Swingle and Reece, Citrus limon, and Citrus aurantifolia, have multiple maternal cytoplasmic origins.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan) and the University of Cukurova, Adana (Turkey) for providing “Galgal”, “Natsudaidai”, “Rangpur Nepal” and C. micrantha DNA, the “Comité Mixte Inter Universitaire Franco-Marocain” (Programme Volubils, MA/05/137 and MA/08/196) and the “Collectivité Territoriale de Corse” for the grant assigned to Wafa Mouhaya and to Jean-Baptiste Bassene, respectively. This study was funded by the “Collectivité Territoriale de Corse” (CTC), Interreg IIIA program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Propre de Recherche «Amélioration génétique d’espèces à multiplication végétative», San Giuliano, 20230, France

    Yann Froelicher, Wafa Mouhaya, Jean-Baptiste Bassene & Mourad Kamiri

  2. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche «Génétique et Ecophysiologie de la Qualité des Agrumes», San Giuliano, 20230, France

    Gilles Costantino & Francois Luro

  3. Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Propre de Recherche «Amélioration génétique d’espèces à multiplication végétative», Montpellier, 34398, France

    Raphael Morillon & Patrick Ollitrault

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  1. Yann Froelicher
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  2. Wafa Mouhaya
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  7. Raphael Morillon
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  8. Patrick Ollitrault
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Correspondence to Yann Froelicher.

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Communicated by F. Gmitter

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Froelicher, Y., Mouhaya, W., Bassene, JB. et al. New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny. Tree Genetics & Genomes 7, 49–61 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x

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